Clare Rhoden

Affect in Sporting Activities: a Preliminary Validation of the Worcester Affect Scale

Affect in Sporting Activities: a Preliminary Validation of the Worcester Affect Scale The overly long psychometric measures available for affect may have caused difficulty measuring this construct during physical activity (Barkoff & Heiby, 2005; Wilhelm & Schoebi, 2007). This paper aims to create a two-item affect scale to measure feeling states during physical activity. In study 1 ninety-four participants completed the PANAS (Watson et al., 1988) and the newly designed Worcester Affect Scale (WAS) measuring positive and negative affect. In study 2, seven participants completed two 20km cycle time trials in the laboratory. PANAS and WAS were administered prior to and after the trials and WAS was reported at frequent regular intervals during each time trial. Preliminary validation of the WAS was confirmed with significant correlations between the WAS and PANAS. The WAS scale is quick and easy to administer and was sensitive in measuring fluctuations in affect within a 20km cycle time trial. Future work is needed to examine the fluctuations in affect and clarify the relationship between positivity and negativity.

Business Support in Sport – Strategy or Serendipity?

Purpose – As a generalisation, the Sports industry is a multifaceted, complex and diverse industry, perhaps making it difficult to offer business support and advice. This paper aims to identify and analyse, through sport and recreation business owners (SMEs), their experience of business support and advice. The study can therefore be seen as contributing to related studies by Mole et al. (2008) and responding to Pawson and Tilley’s (1997) request for a more nuanced view of how public-support programmes work. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative, collective case study design is adopted. Three in–depth semi-structured interviews with Directors of Sport Businesses were undertaken to identify business support in the West Midlands Sports sector. Interviews focused on business development, the support and advice Directors received and the future direction of their business. Interviews were analysed using inductive and deductive content analysis (Cote et al., 1993). Findings – The findings from the case studies highlight a variety of general support and advice mechanisms, e.g. WBDA (Women’s Business Development Agency) with differences in regional provision evident. One strong emerging theme indicates that specialised business support occurs which appears critical but ad-hoc. Originality/value - This paper considers the specific business support needs in a largely unreported, yet growing sports sector (based upon a demand led inquiry) into existing providers and business recipients. These findings are pertinent for various organisations such as policy makers, small business support agencies, as well as sports businesses themselves; as they seek to both identify specific sector support needs and evaluate existing practice.