Claudinei José Gomes Campos

Método de análise de conteúdo: ferramenta para a análise de dados qualitativos no campo da saúde

O metodo de analise de conteudo constitui-se em um conjunto de tecnicas utilizadas na analise de dados qualitativos. Percebe-se, porem, que existe por parte do pesquisador iniciante ou do nao familiarizado com estas tecnicas, dificuldades em relacao ao entendimento e aplicacao do metodo. Assim sendo, objetivou-se neste trabalho, apresentar de maneira clara, conceitos e aspectos importantes constantes do metodo de analise de conteudo e discutir alguns de seus pontos centrais. O metodo de analise de conteudo foi sistematizado na primeira metade do seculo XX e a principio foi importante ferramenta na busca dos sentidos dos artigos e propagandas da imprensa escrita nos Estados Unidos, sendo hoje um metodo amplamente utilizado em pesquisas cientificas no campo da saude.The content analysis method utilizes various techniques for qualitative data analysis. However, for a novice researcher or one who is unfamiliar with this technique, understanding and applying this method has proved to be difficult. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the purpose of clarifying important concepts and aspects of this method as well as discussing its core points. The content analysis method was systematized during the first half of the twentieth century and, at first, it was an important tool for analyzing articles and advertisements published by the media in the United States. Presently, it is widely used in scientific research in the field of health care.

Data collection in clinical-qualitative research: use of non-directed interviews with open-ended questions by health professionals

Entrevistas nao-dirigidas constituem o principal instrumento de coleta de dados nas pesquisas qualitativas no campo da saude. Estes estudos estao consolidados na literatura internacional. Para os profissionais de saude, saber o que as pessoas sentem e imaginam permite-nos uma relacao clinico-paciente mais adequada. E indispensavel saber o que os fenomenos da vida significam para os individuos, porque os significados tem uma funcao estruturante: em torno do que as coisas significam para nos, organizamos nossas vidas, incluindo os cuidados com nossa propria saude. A partir de pesquisas concluidas junto ao Laboratorio de Pesquisa Clinico-Qualitativa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, os autores abordam, neste artigo, os seguintes pontos: caracterizacao de entrevistas nao-dirigidas, diretividade das entrevistas, tecnicas de abordagem, observacao de manifestacoes nao-verbais e para-verbais, tecnicas de registro e transcricao do discurso e validade/confiabilidade das entrevistas nao-dirigidas. O texto quer ser util para interessados em pesquisa da graduacao e pos-graduacao.Non-directed interviews constitute the main data collection instrument in qualitative health research. Studies in which this is evident are well documented in international literature. For health professionals, knowing what people feel and imagine makes it possible to develop a more adequate clinician-patient relationship. It is indispensable to know what the life phenomena mean for individuals, because the meanings have a structuring function. People organize their lives around the meaning they attribute to situations or object. This is also relevant to their health care. From research conducted at the Laboratory of Clinical-Qualitative Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas (São Paulo), Brazil, the authors address, in this article, the following matters: characterization of non-directed interviews, directiveness of interviews, approach techniques, observation of non-verbal and paraverbal manifestations, registry techniques / speech transcription, and validity/reliability of non-directed interviews. This is useful for people interested in research at graduate and undergraduate level.

Content analysis in studies using the clinical-qualitative method: application and perspectives

Analise de conteudo abrange um conjunto de tecnicas de organizacao de comunicacoes/informacoes - um procedimento frente a dados qualitativos para fazer emergir temas/topicos e conceitos/conhecimentos. O conteudo de uma comunicacao, considerando o discurso humano falado ou escrito, e complexo e apresenta valiosa caracteristica polissemica. Com a difusao do metodo de pesquisa clinico-qualitativo dentre nos, a utilizacao da analise de conteudo, importante ferramenta metodologica, traz questoes teorico-praticas que necessitam ser bem apreciadas para a utilizacao academicamente precisa. Dessa forma, objetivou-se neste artigo enumerar elementos particulares da tecnica de analise de conteudo, discutindo sua adequacao a metodologia clinico-qualitativa, que casa os genericos metodos qualitativos, construidos nas Ciencias do Homem e da Cultura, com o campo das Ciencias da Saude. Foram selecionados conceitos visando sua pertinencia, emprego e eventuais adaptacoes para o citado metodo.Content analysis comprises a set of techniques for organizing communication/information - a procedure used with qualitative data to make themes/topics and concepts/knowledge emerge. Communication content, considering human written or spoken discourse, is complex and presents valuable polysemous characteristic. With the dissemination of the clinical-qualitative method, the use of content analysis, considered an important methodological tool, raises theoretical-practical issues that need to be taken into consideration for its academically precise use. Thus, this article aimed to enumerate specific elements of the content analysis technique and discuss its suitability for the clinical-qualitative method that combines generic qualitative methods from Human and Cultural Sciences with the area of Health Sciences. Concepts were selected due to their pertinence, use and eventual adaptation to the method focused on.

COLETA DE DADOS NA PESQUISA CLÍNICO-QUALITATIVA: USO DE ENTREVISTAS NÃO- DIRIGIDAS DE QUESTÕES ABERTAS POR PROFISSIONAIS DA SAÚDE

Entrevistas nao-dirigidas constituem o principal instrumento de coleta de dados nas pesquisas qualitativas no campo da saude. Estes estudos estao consolidados na literatura internacional. Para os profissionais de saude, saber o que as pessoas sentem e imaginam permite-nos uma relacao clinico-paciente mais adequada. E indispensavel saber o que os fenomenos da vida significam para os individuos, porque os significados tem uma funcao estruturante: em torno do que as coisas significam para nos, organizamos nossas vidas, incluindo os cuidados com nossa propria saude. A partir de pesquisas concluidas junto ao Laboratorio de Pesquisa Clinico-Qualitativa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, os autores abordam, neste artigo, os seguintes pontos: caracterizacao de entrevistas nao-dirigidas, diretividade das entrevistas, tecnicas de abordagem, observacao de manifestacoes nao-verbais e para-verbais, tecnicas de registro e transcricao do discurso e validade/confiabilidade das entrevistas nao-dirigidas. O texto quer ser util para interessados em pesquisa da graduacao e pos-graduacao.Non-directed interviews constitute the main data collection instrument in qualitative health research. Studies in which this is evident are well documented in international literature. For health professionals, knowing what people feel and imagine makes it possible to develop a more adequate clinician-patient relationship. It is indispensable to know what the life phenomena mean for individuals, because the meanings have a structuring function. People organize their lives around the meaning they attribute to situations or object. This is also relevant to their health care. From research conducted at the Laboratory of Clinical-Qualitative Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas (São Paulo), Brazil, the authors address, in this article, the following matters: characterization of non-directed interviews, directiveness of interviews, approach techniques, observation of non-verbal and paraverbal manifestations, registry techniques / speech transcription, and validity/reliability of non-directed interviews. This is useful for people interested in research at graduate and undergraduate level.

ANÁLISE DE CONTEÚDO EM PESQUISAS QUE UTILIZAM METODOLOGIA CLÍNICO- QUALITATIVA: APLICAÇÃO E PERSPECTIVAS

Analise de conteudo abrange um conjunto de tecnicas de organizacao de comunicacoes/informacoes - um procedimento frente a dados qualitativos para fazer emergir temas/topicos e conceitos/conhecimentos. O conteudo de uma comunicacao, considerando o discurso humano falado ou escrito, e complexo e apresenta valiosa caracteristica polissemica. Com a difusao do metodo de pesquisa clinico-qualitativo dentre nos, a utilizacao da analise de conteudo, importante ferramenta metodologica, traz questoes teorico-praticas que necessitam ser bem apreciadas para a utilizacao academicamente precisa. Dessa forma, objetivou-se neste artigo enumerar elementos particulares da tecnica de analise de conteudo, discutindo sua adequacao a metodologia clinico-qualitativa, que casa os genericos metodos qualitativos, construidos nas Ciencias do Homem e da Cultura, com o campo das Ciencias da Saude. Foram selecionados conceitos visando sua pertinencia, emprego e eventuais adaptacoes para o citado metodo.Content analysis comprises a set of techniques for organizing communication/information - a procedure used with qualitative data to make themes/topics and concepts/knowledge emerge. Communication content, considering human written or spoken discourse, is complex and presents valuable polysemous characteristic. With the dissemination of the clinical-qualitative method, the use of content analysis, considered an important methodological tool, raises theoretical-practical issues that need to be taken into consideration for its academically precise use. Thus, this article aimed to enumerate specific elements of the content analysis technique and discuss its suitability for the clinical-qualitative method that combines generic qualitative methods from Human and Cultural Sciences with the area of Health Sciences. Concepts were selected due to their pertinence, use and eventual adaptation to the method focused on.

Tratamento hemodialítico sob a ótica do doente renal: estudo clínico qualitativo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o significado atribuido pelo doente renal cronico ao tratamento de hemodialise ao qual se submete. Utilizando o metodo clinico-qualitativo, realizamos entrevistas, com um roteiro semi-estruturado, com sete pacientes de uma unidade de hemodialise, escolhidos por amostragem intencional. Os dados foram tratados atraves de analise de conteudo tematica. A sobrevivencia surgiu como significacao maior para o tratamento e a obrigatoriedade deste colocou o paciente frente a uma situacao de transferencia implicita de responsabilidades na tomada de decisoes quanto a terapeutica adotada para a equipe de saude, criando acomodacao ou conformismo na sua propria participacao neste processo. Os pacientes atribuiram a cultura, o desconhecimento sobre o tratamento.The objective of this paper was to analyze the meaning attributed by renal patients to the hemodialysis treatment received. Using the clinical-qualitative method interviews were conducted, following a semi-structured questionnaire with seven patients from a hemodialysis unit, selected through intentional sampling. The data were examined by thematic content analysis. Survival emerged as the most significant objective of the treatment. The fact that the treatment was mandatory placed the patient in a situation of implicit transference of responsibilities, when making decisions about the adopted therapeutic, to the team of health professionals, generating compliance or conformity regarding his/her own participation in this process. The patients attributed to culture lack of knowledge about the treatment.

O atendimento do doente mental em pronto-socorro geral: sentimentos e ações dos membros da equipe de enfermagem

Th is work is based upon a day-by-day study of the services provid by a nurse team at a mentally impaired emergency room. Our aim is to study staffs reactions toward the patients as well as service itself We could feel the dynamic relation among thinking, feeling and performance created strong conceptions on individuals based upon a common sense The feelings noticed are: pity, scare and rage depending upon behavior. The assistance given to the mentally impaired is, at large, based exclusively on technical data resorted to organic/biological aspects.This work is based upon a day-by-day study of the services provide by a nurse team at a mentally impaired emergency room. Our aim is to study staffs reactions toward the patients as well as service itself. We could feel the dynamic relation among thinking, feeling and performance created strong conceptions on individuals based upon a common sense. The feelings noticed are: pity, scare and rage depending upon behavior. The assistance given to the mentally impaired is, at large, based exclusively on technical data resorted to organic/biological aspects.This work is based upon a day-by-day study of the services provid by a nurse team at a mentally impaired emergency room. Our aim is to study staffs reactions toward the patients as well as service itself We could feel the dynamic relation among thinking, feeling and performance created strong conceptions on individuals based upon a common sense The feelings noticed are: pity, scare and rage depending upon behavior. The assistance given to the mentally impaired is, at large, based exclusively on technical data resorted to organic/biological aspects.

Religião e saúde mental: desafio de integrar a religiosidade ao cuidado com o paciente

The study aimed to analyze scientific studies that show as subject an interface between religion and mental health care. From the literature reviewed in the databases LILACS, BDENF and electronic library SciELO, in the period 2000-2010, it was performed an integrative review of thirteen papers, using, as inclusion criterion, the availability of work via online and their compatibility thematic with the objective of the study. Six categories were listed, concluding that religion is a dimension that can contribute positively to the treatment of patients with mental illness, by providing emotional and social continence and teachings on customs, that encourage quality of life.The study aimed to analyze scientific studies that show as subject an interface between religion and mental health care. From the literature reviewed in the databases LILACS, BDENF and electronic library SciELO, in the period 2000-2010, it was performed an integrative review of thirteen papers, using, as inclusion criterion, the availability of work via online and their compatibility thematic with the objective of the study. Six categories were listed, concluding that religion is a dimension that can contribute positively to the treatment of patients with mental illness, by providing emotional and social continence and teachings on customs, that encourage quality of life.

Demandas de atenção de um paciente na unidade de transplante de medula óssea

The capacity to focus attention is essential for the effective handling of everyday life for it allows one to perceive, think clearly and keep the intended activity in course despite environmental distractions. This qualitative approached study was aimed at identifying the attention demands experienced by a patient diagnosed with sharp myeloid leukemia submitted to a bone marrow transplants (BMT) following the theoretical reference of attention and attention demands. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview and a-systematic observation, with later content thematic analysis. The results pointed out that the patient in BMT lives multiple attention demands, such as: absence of family, fear of death, uncertainty about the future, restricted physical space, removal from work and too much handling by the Nursing staff, among others.The capacity to focus attention is essential for the effective handling of everyday life for it allows one to perceive, think clearly and keep the intended activity in course despite environmental distractions. This qualitative approached study was aimed at identifying the attention demands experienced by a patient diagnosed with sharp myeloid leukemia submitted to a bone marrow transplants (BMT) following the theoretical reference of attention and attention demands. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview and a-systematic observation, with later content thematic analysis. The results pointed out that the patient in BMT lives multiple attention demands, such as: absence of family, fear of death, uncertainty about the future, restricted physical space, removal from work and too much handling by the Nursing staff, among others.

[The use of active methodology in nursing care and teaching in national productions: an integrative review].

Esta e uma revisao integrativa de literatura cujo objetivo foi identificar e analisar publicacoes cientificas sobre o uso das metodologias ativas no ensino e assistencia de enfermagem no Brasil. O levantamento bibliografico incluiu publicacoes nacionais, no periodo de 1999 a 2009. Foram verificadas as bases de dados LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE e a biblioteca eletronica SciELO. Foram selecionados 28 artigos. Os resultados e a analise mostraram a problematizacao como a principal metodologia ativa utilizada, a falta de referenciais teoricos para planejar a acao pedagogica e o uso excessivo de tecnicas de ensino que nem sempre caracterizam a inovacao do metodo. Conclui-se que a implementacao das metodologias inovadoras ainda carece de mais estudos e necessita de maior investimento em pesquisa e divulgacao sobre o assunto.The objective of this integrative review was to identify and analyze the scientific publications regarding the use of active methodologies in nursing care and teaching in Brazil. The survey included national publications, from 1999 to 2009, using the following databases: LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE and SciELO. A total of 28 articles were selected. The results and analysis pointed to problematization as the primary active methodology used, the lack of theoretical frameworks to plan the pedagogical action, and the excessive use of teaching techniques that do not always characterize innovation. In conclusion, the implementation of innovative methodologies requires further studies and more investment in research and dissemination on the subject.