Clever Briedis

Desempenho de genótipos de milho cultivados com diferentes quantidades de palha de aveia-preta e doses de nitrogênio

The objective of this work was to assess the performance of corn (Zea maysL.) genotypes as affected by inputs of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) residues applied on the soil surface and nitrogen fertilization under no-tillage system in a Typical Haplustox. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, arranged in split-split plots with three replicates. The main plots consisted of the amount of crop residues on the soil surface (no crop residue, 5.16 and 10.32 mg ha-1). The split plots were three corn genotypes, and the split-split plots were five nitrogen rates: 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240kg ha-1. An increase in the nitrogen rates decreased nitrogen deficiency and provided an adequate nitrogen supply for corn, under all the amounts of black oat residues. The corn genotypes grown with different amounts of black oat residues and nitrogen rates had different grain yield responses, use of mineralized nitrogen from crop residues, and root growth.

Carbon balance and crop residue management in dynamic equilibrium under a no-till system in Campos Gerais

A adocao do sistema plantio direto e a manutencao dos residuos culturais na superficie do solo resultam, com o passar dos anos, em adicao de carbono (C) ao sistema, o que promove o sequestro de C e a mitigacao de emissoes de C-CO2 para a atmosfera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de sequestro de C e a quantidade minima de residuos culturais necessaria para manter o equilibrio dinâmico (dC/dt = 0) de dois solos (Latossolo) com classes texturais diferentes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 x 2. Os fatores analisados foram: (a) dois solos: Latossolo Vermelho distrofico tipico, com classe textural franco-argiloarenosa (LVTM), e Latossolo Vermelho distrofico tipico, com classe textural franco-argilosa (LVTA); (b) profundidades de amostragem: 0-0,05 e 0,05-0,20 m; e (c) epocas de amostragem (E1-outubro de 2007; E2-setembro de 2008). As lavouras onde foram coletadas as amostras vinham sendo manejadas em SPD por longo prazo (20 anos), com as seguintes rotacoes de cultura: trigo/soja/aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho (LVTM) e trigo/milho/aveia-preta + ervilhaca/soja (LVTA). A taxa de sequestro anual de C foi de 0,83 e 0,76 Mg ha-1 para o LVTM e LVTA, respectivamente. A estimativa da quantidade minima de residuos culturais necessaria para manter o equilibrio dinâmico (dC/dt = 0) foi de 7,13 e 6,53 Mg ha-1 ano-1 para o LVTM e LVTA, respectivamente. A taxa de conversao de C em ambos os solos foi inferior a encontrada em outros estudos regionais, resultando numa elevada taxa de remanescente de palha na superficie do solo.

Particulate soil organic carbon and stratification ratio increases in response to crop residue decomposition under no-till

O aporte continuo de residuos na superficie do solo, conduzidos sob sistema plantio direto (SPD), leva ao acumulo de carbono (C). Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a decomposicao dos residuos de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e relacionar o efeito da decomposicao sobre o carbono orgânico do solo (COS), o carbono orgânico particulado (COP) e a taxa de estratificacao (TE) de C do solo em um Cambissolo Haplico sob SPD na regiao dos Campos Gerais - PR. As avaliacoes foram realizadas durante sete datas de coleta (t0 a t6) em 160 dias, em tres transectos, com seis pontos de coleta para cada um. A produtividade inicial de biomassa de aveia foi de 5,02 Mg ha-1, restando, apos 160 dias, 17,8 % da materia seca inicial. O conteudo de COT foi superior (38 %) na camada de 0-5 cm em comparacao a de 5-20 cm, variando, na primeira, de 27,56 a 30,07 g dm-3 (t0 para t6). A TE aumentou de 1,33 para 1,43 durante os 160 dias. Alem disso, houve aumento do estoque de COP nesse periodo, o qual variou de 8,1 a 10,7 Mg ha-1. O aumento de COS na camada de 0-5 cm, durante os 160 dias, ocorreu principalmente devido ao aumento do COP derivado da decomposicao dos residuos da aveia. A relacao linear entre o COS e o COP mostrou que 21 % do primeiro teve contribuicao da fracao mais labil. Os resultados sao um indicativo de que a entrada continua de residuos pode ser intensificada, como forma de aumentar o estoque e sequestro de C em solos sob SPD.

Relação de estratificação como indicador do sequestro de carbono em macroagregados de Latossolo sob plantio direto

The decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in deeper layers indicates the occurrence of stratification between the surface layer and subsurface layer of soil due to continuous C addition by crop residues. The objective was to evaluate the change (delta) of stratification (RE) of carbon (C) as an indicator of C sequestration and soil total and particulate soil in macroaggregates of two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textures, managed in no-tillage system. The tests were developed in completely randomized design twelve repetitions.Analyzed factors were: (a) two soils: Oxisol with medium texture and Oxisol with clay texture, (b) sampling depth: 0-5 and 5-20cm, (c) two sampling times (October 2007-T1, September 2008-T2). The results were submitted to variance analysis by program SISVAR 5.3, using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was a significant linear relationship between the ∆ RE and carbon sequestration rate total macroaggregates Oxisol with medium texture (R²=0.78**) and Oxisol with clay texture (R²=0.81**) indicating that there was C sequestration confirming to be a sensitive indicator of the rate of C sequestration in soil macroaggregates.

Adsorção de metais pesados após calagem superficial em um Latossolo Vermelho sob sistema de plantio direto

There are few researches about control of soil acidy and adsorption of heavy metals in no-till system (NTS). The aim of this study was evaluate the cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) adsorption in a Rhodic Hapludox, clayey, without and with surface liming (4.5 t ha-1) under NTS. The experiment was established in Ponta Grossa, PR, in 1998. After 10 years, soil samples were collected to adsorption study. Doses of 0 to 180 mg L-1 of Cd and Ni, and of 0 to 180 mg L-1 of Cu and Zn were added, in competitive systems. After the equilibrium, the quantity of heavy metals was measured. Surface liming increased soil pH in all studied layers, resulting in improve of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni adsorptions, mostly in the superficial layer. Moreover, surface liming changed dynamics of heavy metals in soil, being an efficient strategy to minimize environmental problems associate with Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn in NTS.

VARIAÇÃO NA RESISTÊNCIA TÊNSIL DE AGREGADOS EM FUNÇÃO DO CONTEÚDO DE CARBONO EM DOIS SOLOS NA REGIÃO DOS CAMPOS GERAIS

Macroscale soil behavior depends on the mechanical properties of individual aggregates. Tensile strength (TS) of soil aggregates has been used as an indicator of management effect on soil quality as related to land use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change of TS in relation to the variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) content in two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textures under a long term no-tillage system. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with 12 treatments. The analyzed factors were: (a) two soils: Oxisol with medium texture and Oxisol with clay loam texture, (b) two sampling layers: 0-5 and 5-20 cm, (c) two sampling dates (October 2007-T1, September 2008-T2). To determine TS, 1440 soil blocks were sampled. The TS and SOC contents were measured in 1920 aggregates for each sampling time. RT decreased as SOC content increased, with a greater impact on Oxisol with clay loam texture. The clay content affected the TS behavior, to which it was inversely proportional. The impact of SOC content on TS was greater in the soil surface (0-5 cm) than in the 5-20 cm layer.

No-till corn performance in response to P and fertilization modes

No-tillage systems provide soil changes that affect nutrient dynamics, hence, changing rates and forms of fertilizer application. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) and modes of nitrogen (N) and P application in corn under long-term no-tillage in a clayey Oxisol. Two experiments were carried out in the same experimental area and in the same year, in a randomized blocks design with four replications. In experiment I, the treatments consisted of five doses of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ) applied in the sowing furrow. In experiment II, the treatments consisted of the N and P application modes (topdressing, in the sowing furrow and control - without N and P). Experiment I evaluated the root length, P uptake and grain yield and, the Experiment II, the firing height and yield. The P rates provided linear increases in root length in the 0-10 cm layer , P uptake and grain production. The different modes of application provided differences in the firing height and corn yield. The control treatment (0 kg ha -1 of N and P) provided the highest firing height, superior than those of topdressing and application in the furrow , which were not significantly different. The topdress application of N and P provided an increase in corn yield that exceeded 16 and 42% of the application in the furrow and the control, respectively . Thus, the results confirmed that increasing rates of P 2 O 5 , in soil with high initial P content, influence positively corn production factors, but with little significant responses, and the topdress application of N and P on soil with high P content, without water restriction, provided increased grain yield in relation to the application in the furrow .

Nitrogen dynamics in soil management systems: II - mineralization and nitrification rates

Nitrogen is the main limiting factor in crop productivity and thereby soil management systems may change the mineralization and nitrification rates. In an experiment on soil management systems implemented in 1988 at the experimental station Fundacao ABC, Ponta Grossa, in the central South region of the State of Parana, inorganic N dynamics were examined to find a soil management strategy with a view to a sustainable environment. The objective of this study was to calculate the net mineralization and nitrification rates of soil N and the correlation with soil pH under management systems. Randomized complete block design was used, in split plots, in three replications. The following soil management systems (SMSs) were adopted in the plots: 1) conventional tillage (CT); 2) minimum tillage (MT); 3) no-tillage with chisel plow every three years (NTCH); and 4) continuous no-tillage (CNT). To evaluate the dynamics of inorganic N, samples were collected from sub-plots at different times (11 sampling times - T1 to T11). In the CNT and NTCH, the net mineralization rates were higher in the MT and CT systems in the 0-2.5 cm soil layer, while the nitrification rate was higher in the 2.5-5 cm layer. Soon after implementing the white oat management, the mineralization and nitrification rates in all soil layers were higher in the MT and CT systems. In the period of soybean development, in the 0-2.5 and 2.5-5 cm soil layers, the mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in the CNT and NTCH than in the MT and CT systems.

Macroaggregation and soil organic carbon restoration in a highly weathered Brazilian Oxisol after two decades under no-till

Conclusions based on studies of the impacts of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and soil texture on macroaggregation and SOC stabilization in long-term (>20years) no-till (NT) fields remain debatable. This study was based on the hypothesis that the amount and frequency of biomass-C input associated with NT can be a pathway to formation of macroaggregates and to SOC buildup. The objectives were to: 1) assess the macroaggregate distribution (proportional mass, class mass) and the SOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) stocks of extra-large (8-19mm), large (2-8mm) and small (0.25-2mm) macroaggregate size classes managed for two decades by NT, and 2) assess the recovery of SOC stocks in extra-large macroaggregates compared to adjacent native vegetation (Andropogon sp., Aristida sp., Paspalum sp., and Panicum sp.). The crop rotation systems were: soybean (Glycine max L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in summer; and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), white oat (Avena sativa), vetch (Vicia sativa L.), black oat.+vetch (Avena strigosa Schreb+vetch) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in winter. The experimental was laid out as 2×2 randomized block factorial with 12 replicates of a NT experiment established in 1997 on two highly weathered Oxisols. The factors comprised of: (a) two soil textural types: clay loam and sandy clay, and (b) two sampling depths: 0-5 and 5-20cm. The three classes of macroaggregates were obtained by wet sieving, and the SOC content was determined by the dry combustion method. The extra-large macroaggregate classes in 0-20cm depth for sandy clay (SdC) and clay loam (CL) Oxisol represented 75.2 and 72.4% of proportional mass, respectively. The SOC and POC stocks among macroaggregate classes in 0-5 and 5-20cm depths decreased in the order: 8-19mm>2-8mm ≈ 0.25-2mm. The SdC plots under soybean/maize at 3:1 ratio recovered 58.3%, while those at 1:1 ratio (high maize frequency) in CL recovered 73.1% of SOC stock in the extra-large macroaggregates compared with the same under native vegetation for 0-20cm depth. Thus, partial restoration of the SOC stock in original extra-large macroaggregate confirms the hypothesis that NT through higher maize cultivation frequency can be a pathway to fomation of macroaggregates and SOC buildup.

Driving factors of soil carbon accumulation in Oxisols in long-term no-till systems of South Brazil

In a climate change scenario, it is important to understand the factors that lead to changes in a soil carbon (C) sink. It is recognized that such process is highly dependent on climate, soil properties, topography, and vegetation. However, few studies demonstrate how these mechanisms operate in highly weathered Oxisols. Therefore, this study evaluated the driving factors for C recovery and accumulation and its relations with fertility attributes in the soil profile (0 to 1m depth) in no-till (NT) croplands of south Brazil. The adoption of NT in the studied fields started between 1978 (pioneer areas) and 1990 and represent a range of textural and mineralogical characteristics South Brazil main croplands. Soil samples were collected in paired fields of native vegetation and NT (NV vs. long-term NT) to a depth of 1m. The studied NT areas of Rio Grande do Sul State were managed according to the principles of conservation agriculture (minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and diverse crop rotation). The processes that drove SOC recovery in the studied sites were soil fertility management allied with high C input through intense crop rotation. The C recovery was were for areas with the predominance of soybean in the cropping system, higher levels of Al3+ and lower levels of Mg2+ and P. Sites with medium/high cropping intensity, lower levels of Al3+ and higher levels of P, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ resulted in higher C recovery.