Clyde Jones

Mammals of the northern Great Plains

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Growth, Development, and Wing Loading in The Evening Bat, Nycticeius Humeralis (Rafinesque)

Selected aspects of growth and development of young evening bats are presented and summarized. In addition, information on wing loading and development of flight in known-age animals is given. Data regarding growth, development, and wing loading of Nycticeius humeralis and information that is available for some other species of bats are compared and discussed.

Seasonal Distribution of the Hoary Bat

Distributional records of hoary bats, Lasiurus cinereus Peale and Beauvois, were assembled and mapped for each month. In North America females are seen to migrate northward somewhat earlier than males and to occupy an eastern summering ground where young are born, while males are concentrated in western North America. Fall migration begins in August. Spring and fall migratory waves have been noted, some segregated as to sex. Some South American hoary bats migrate, while others may be non-migratory.

The Choice of Perch Dimensions by Lizards of the Genus Anolis (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae)

Field observations on Barro Colorado Island suggested that the choice of a perch site by anoles may reflect a compromise between the differing selective pressures of food and predation. This relationship is quantified using data gathered from a population of Anolis frenatus, by defining an obtuse survey angle and an acute predator avoidance angle, which together are the complements of a full circle. We postulate that perch dimensions reflect primarily trophic requisites in females, while those of males are tempered by social considera- tions. These differences are reflected in differences in food habits between the sexes. Comparative data on a much smaller species, Anolis limifrons, suggests no correlation between lizard size and perch diameter. We hypothesize that this interspecific difference in choice of perch sites is a reflection of differential abundances of food supply for the two species. * * *

Taxonomic Relationships of Bats of The Species Myotis Fortidens, M. Lucifugus, and M. Occultus

Myotis lucifugus and M. occultus are considered to be conspecific, the older name, M. lucifugus , applying to both. Myotis fortidens is a tropical Mexican species differing from M. lucifugus in a number of ways. In both species skull size seems to be related to number of species of Myotis living in the area from which a given sample originated. Body size seems related to climatic severity.

Distribution and Variation of Voles of the Genus Microtus in New Mexico and Adjacent Areas

The voles Microtus montanus, M. longicaudus, M. mexicanus , and M. pennsylvanicus occur in New Mexico and all reach their distributional limits in the general region. The four species differ in degree of ecological and geographic restriction and in amount of geographic variation. Degree of geographic variation seems to be positively correlated with degree of restriction and isolation. A possible case of character displacement resulting from competition of closely related species is discussed. Historical biogeographic factors possibly leading to the present situation are considered.

The Bats of Rio Muni, West Africa

Based on reference specimens obtained from known localities, a modern list is presented of the bats of Rio Muni, West Africa. Information is presented and summarized on some aspects of the biology, especially reproduction and ecologic distribution, of these mammals. Data are recorded with regard to some of the morphological variations found in the species of bats listed.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE- TAILED BAT, TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS CYNOCEPHALA (LE CONTE)

Several aspects of growth and development of free-tailed bats, Tada- rida brasiliensis cynocephala (Le Conte), are described. Some information on the date of copulation and the length of gestation, as well as behavior of young bats, is also presented. Young of T. b. cynocephala hang in compact clusters and when dis- turbed demonstrate a negative geotaxic response and clinging response. Young bats 25 to 30 days of age can not be separated from adults on the basis of body weight, but most young animals reach the total length of adults at about 60 days of age. Changes in proportions of wing elements are related to growth; wings of young animals are broader than the wings of adult bats. Young bats are capable of maneuverable adult- like flight at about 38 days of age. The free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala (Le Conte), is resident in New Orleans, Louisiana, allowing year round observa- tions on much of its life history (Pagels, 1972). Although T. b. cyno- cephala was the subject of an early study on reproduction in a North American bat (Sherman, 1937), more information is available on re- production and growth of the migratory western subspecies, T. b. mex- icana (Saussure) (Krutzsch, 1955; Eads, Wiseman, and Menzies, 1957; Davis, Herreid, and Short, 1962). Photographs and descriptions of clusters of young T. b. mexicana roosting in caves of the western United States are common in both scientific and popular publications on bats. Orr (1970) reviewed earlier studies of prenatal and postnatal growth and development of several species of bats. Davis (1969a) dis- cussed certain disadvantages of observations based on young bats studied under natural conditions versus young bats born and reared in captivity. The purpose of this report is to describe growth and development of free-tailed bats based on observations of animals born and reared in natural conditions.

Comments on the Predator-Prey Relationship of the Texas Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys elator) and Barn Owl (Tyto alba)

Abstract Rodent prey of the barn owl (Tyto alba) partly reflects the availability of prey species of small mammals. However, small- to moderate-sized mice of the genera Sigmodon (cotton rats), Oryzomys (rice rats) and Microtus (voles) are selectively preyed upon when available, and species of Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) are often underrepresented prey items. The range of T. alba in north Texas overlaps the restricted range of the little-studied Texas kangaroo rat (D. elator). Examination of regurgitated barn owl pellets provides the first documentation of predation on this distinctive rodent. However, given the ready availability of this kangaroo rat, its representation as a prey species of the barn owl is lower than expected, even given the usually poor representation of other Dipodomys species from other localities. Selective predation on favored prey and presence of other buffer species are certainly contributory factors to the low incidence of kangaroo rats in owl pellets. Some predator avoidance mechanism(s) of Dipodomys, perhaps especially well developed in D. elator, might also be implicated.

Notes on the Anomalurids of Rio Muni and Adjacent Areas

Information obtained from specimens collected and observed in Rio Muni and adjacent areas is presented for three species of anomalurids. Data available on distribution, habitat, and habits are summarized and discussed widi regard to the ecological relationships of three species.