Concha Collar

Significance of Dietary Fiber on the Viscometric Pattern of Pasted and Gelled Flour-Fiber Blends

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to optimize mixtures of fibers from different sources and degree of processing meeting acceptable dough viscometric standards to design low-calorie wheat bread formulations. Effects of soluble (inuline [FN]), partially soluble (sugar beet [FX]), pea cell wall (SW), and insoluble (pea hull [EX]) dietary fibers on wheat dough pasting and gelling profiles have been investigated. Impact of fibers added singly and in associated mixtures at different levels on the investigated viscometric parameters retrieved from a Rapid Visco Analyser curve has been assessed by response surface methodology, and the thermal parameters derived from the cooking and cooling functional profile were correlated. Flour replacement up to 34% by fibers significantly provided a deleterious effect on pasting and gelling viscosity profiles of the resulting hydrated high fiber-flour blends. The magnitude of the reduction in dough viscometric characteristics during gelatinization, pasting, and setback c...

Gelatinization and Retrogradation Kinetics of High-Fiber Wheat Flour Blends: A Calorimetric Approach

ABSTRACT The impact of dietary fiber (DF) mixtures on dough thermal properties needs to be investigated when designing high-fiber wheat bread. Effects of flour replacement at different levels (6–34%) by soluble (inuline [FN]), partially soluble (sugar beet [FX], pea cell wall [SW]), and insoluble (pea hull [EX]) DF on wheat dough thermal profiles have been investigated by simulating baking, cooling, and storage in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pans. In general, DF incorporation into water-flour systems delayed endothermic transition temperatures for both gelatinization and retrogradation phenomena except for the peak temperature (Tp) of retrogradation. With some exception, the pattern of the enthalpy of amylopectin retrogradation was lower and slower (lower constant of proportion, k) over 10 days of storage in gelatinized hydrated flour-fiber blends when compared with control without DF. FX, a partially soluble fiber, provided major effects on gelatinization (Tp decrease and ΔH increase) and ret...

Bread Staling: Updating the View

Staling of bread is cause of significant product waste in the world. We reviewed the literature of the last 10 y with the aim to give an up-to-date overview on processing/storage parameters, antistaling ingredients, sourdough technology, and measurement methods of the staling phenomenon. Many researchers have been focusing their interest on the selection of ingredients able to retard staling, mainly hydrocolloids, waxy wheat flours (WWF), and enzymes, but different efforts have been made to understand the molecular basis of bread staling with the help of various measurement methods. Results obtained confirm the central role of amylopectin retrogradation and water redistribution within the different polymers in determining bread staling, but highlighted also the importance of other flour constituents, such as proteins and nonstarch polysaccharides. Data obtained with thermal, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography, and colorimetry analysis have pointed out the need to encourage the use of one or more of these techniques in order to better understand the mechanisms of staling. Results so far obtained have provided new insight on bread staling, but the phenomenon has not been fully elucidated so far.

Lipid binding of fresh and stored formulated wheat breads. Relationships with dough and bread technological performance

Lipid binding in fresh and stored soured started breads formulated with nonfat [sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), fungal α-amylase-and fat–monoglycerides (MGL), diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono-diglycerides (DATEM) and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL)] additives were determined. Results were correlated with dough and bread technological performance during breadmaking and storage. A preferential binding of the added SSL to the starch with a concomitant displacement of endogenous polar lipids from starch to gluten was observed. Monoglycerides partly bound to the starch and partial remained in the pool of free lipids with displacement of endogenous polar lipids from gluten to starch and free fractions. Addition of DATEM induced similar changes as SSL in association pattern and as MGL in polar lipid translocation. Hydrocolloids showed preferential bindings to the gluten (CMC) and to the starch (HPMC) respectively, associated to a significant displacement of endogenous neutral gluten-bounded lipids to the starchy fraction (CMC) and to a significant release of both starch- and gluten-bonded lipids (HPMC). Addition of α-amylase promoted both a release of endogenous bonded lipids and a binding of glycolipids to the starch whereas the sourer starter induced disaggregation of the starch– and gluten–lipid complexes. Suitable trends in bread lipid parameters for high fermentative power, delayed starch gelatinization, edible fresh bread and reduced bread staleness corresponded to high values of neutral lipids of bonded fractions and high total glycolipid content achieved by the incorporation of SSL and/or CMC into dough formulation.

High legume-wheat matrices: an alternative to promote bread nutritional value meeting dough viscoelastic restrictions

The significance of grain (chickpea, pea) and oilseed (soybean) legumes on the nutritional and functional added value of wheat breads was assessed in composite matrices (from 18 to 54% of wheat flour replacement). Gluten (from 1 to 5% of wheat flour replacement) and carboxymethylcellulose (from 1 to 5% of wheat flour replacement) were used as structuring agents. The study allowed the identification of the qualitative (chickpea and pea) and quantitative legumes (up to 42% of wheat flour replacement), providing enhancement of nutritional value of sensorially accepted breads. Associated mixtures of legumes-wheat-structuring agents (42:52:6) have proven to make highly nutritious breads in terms of promoted dietary fibre fractions, lower and slower starch hydrolysis, decreased rapidly digestible starch and reduced expected glycaemic index. In addition, viscoelastic restrictions and sensory standards are met.

Antistaling additive effects on fresh wheat bread quality / Efectos de los aditivos antienvejecimiento sobre la calidad del pan fresco

Straight and soured wheat breads formulated with antistaling additives (emulsifiers, hydrocol loids and fungal α-amylase) from white and whole flours were investigated for physico-chemical and sensory characteristics according to a fractionated factorial design, L32 . Quality of formulated fresh breads was related with chemical and physical properties. Additive effects were highly dependent on both the flour type and the breadmaking process used. Most of them performed as initial crumb softeners, effects being more pronounced in whole breads. Hydrocolloids showed similar softening effects to emulsifiers. Chemical parameters of doughs and breads were mainly influenced by the addition of emulsifiers. Antistaling additives also showed some secondary effects on other sensory properties (e.g., flavour and eatability), resulting in different crumb firmness- bread quality relationships. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions between additives were summarized (DATEM*SSL, α-amylase*SSL, α-amylase*HPMC).

Nutritional and functional added value of oat, Kamut, spelt, rye and buckwheat versus common wheat in breadmaking.

BACKGROUND Multicereal/pseudocereal blends based on major and minor seeds with high nutritional profile appear as a promising strategy, hardly explored, to obtain enhanced value grain-based foods such as bread. RESULTS In a preliminary stage the suitability of minor/ancient cereals (rye, oat, Kamut wheat, spelt wheat) and pseudocereals (buckwheat) was assessed in single (100% of wheat flour replacement) and multigrain (from 20 to 44% of wheat flour replacement) matrices. The research allowed identification of the qualitative (oat, rye, buckwheat) and quantitative (up to 75% of wheat flour replacement) grains in the mixed matrices providing enhancement of nutritional quality (higher protein content, higher mineral content, lower digestible starch, higher viscous fibre content, higher resistant starch content, source of antioxidants) and minimisation of techno-functional impairment and sensory depreciation of the resulting breads. CONCLUSION The quality profile of associated mixtures of oat, rye, buckwheat and common wheat flours (20:20:20:40 w/w/w/w) endorsed the proposed grain blend as suitable to make highly nutritious, modern and innovative baked goods meeting functional and sensory standards in terms of nutritional added value (improved dietary fibre fractions, minerals and antioxidant activity, slower starch hydrolysis), palatability (high sensory scores), convenience (extended keepability during storage) and easy handling during processing.

Effects of enzyme associations on bread dough performance. A response surface analysis

Effects of starch (bacterial α-amylase and NMYL) and non-starch (xylanase PTP, lipase NVZ and glucose-oxidase GLZ) degrading enzymes on dough quality parameters (rheological, fermentative, textural and thermal characteristics) were determined by means of the response surface methodology to a central composite design of white wheat dough samples. PTP showed linear, interactive and/or quadratic significant effects on most functional properties. Higher dosages of PTP yielded softer and less adhesive doughs with higher gas retention capability but with weakened gluten and poorer machinability (stickier). Negative linear and positive quadratic effects of PTP were observed on dough hardness and derived mechanical properties gumminess and chewiness. Optimized dosage of 30 mg/100g flour led to improved handling and fermentative dough characteristics and avoided excessive dough hardness and stickiness. The simultaneous presence of PTP and NVZ decreased fermentation time and increased dough extensibility. The combination of both PTP and NMYL and / or incorporation of NVZ decreased dough resilience, which corresponded to a greater extensibility and a lower dough consistency. Although GLZ addition induced some desirable effects on the final dough volume and the amylose-lipid complexation, the incorporation of the pair PTP/GLZ into dough formulas is not recommended because of the reduction of the induced softening effect of PTP. A significant negative and quadratic effect of NMYL addition was observed for the enthalpy of dissociation of the amylose-lipid complex. Incorporation of this enzyme up to 30 mg/100 g flour did not significantly decrease values for this thermal property. No criteria for optimum dosage of NVZ were established, and it is recommended that doses higher than those recommended by the manufacturer (5 mg/100 g of flour) be used.

Suitability of Oat, Millet and Sorghum in Breadmaking

Challenges and opportunities of minor cereals with poor viscoelastic value deserve a special attention in breadmaking applications due to their unique nutritional components. In a preliminary stage, the suitability of oat, millet and sorghum in breadmaking was assessed in simple binary wheat flour matrices in which wheat flour was replaced from 0% to 60%. The research allowed the quantification of grains (up to 30% for millet and sorghum and up to 50% for oat of wheat flour replacement) to be incorporated into the binary blended matrices providing minimization of techno-functional impairment and sensory depreciation of breads. Combinations of gluten, vegetable fat and a commercial mix of surfactants, ascorbic acid and antistaling enzymes were used to make breads with 10% increased level of wheat flour replacement by single oat, millet and sorghum in binary mixed samples. The quality profile of binary mixtures of oat–wheat (60:40 w/w), millet–wheat (40:60 w/w) and sorghum–wheat (40:60 w/w) was significantly improved in terms of keepability during storage, mainly for oat–wheat blends which stale at a similar rate than 100% wheat breads. Overall acceptability of highly replaced wheat breads deserved higher scores for oat and sorghum composite breads (7/10) than control wheat breads (6/10). Oat, millet and sorghum represent a viable alternative to make aerated breads with mitigated technological and sensory constraints based on non-viscoelastic cereals.

Impact of ancient cereals, pseudocereals and legumes on starch hydrolysis and antiradical activity of technologically viable blended breads

Wheat flour replacement from 22.5% up to 45% by incorporation of ternary blends of teff (T), green pea (GP) and buckwheat (BW) flours provided technologically viable and acceptable sensory rated multigrain breads with superior nutritional value compared to the 100% wheat flour (WT) counterparts. Blended breads exhibited superior nutritional composition, larger amounts of bioaccessible polyphenols, higher anti-radical activity, and lower and slower starch digestibility. Simultaneous lower rapidly digestible starch (57.1%) and higher slowly digestible starch (12.9%) and resistant starch (2.8%) contents (g per 100g fresh bread), considered suitable nutritional trends for dietary starch fractions, were met by the blend formulated 7.5% T, 15% GP, 15% BK. The associated mixture that replaced 37.5% WT, showed a rather lower extent and slower rate of starch hydrolysis with medium-low values for C∞, and H90, and lowest k, and intermediate expected Glycaemic Index (86). All multigrain breads can be labelled as source of dietary fibre (≥ 3 g dietary fibre/100g bread).