Constantin Sandu

Length Contraction with Speed Explained as a Relativistic Doppler Effect

In this paper the authors show that the ‘mechanism’ of length contraction is simple and can be explained by the wave feature of body micro-components. From this point of view, the length contraction with speed perceived by a fixed observer is a Doppler relativistic effect.

Sonic -Electromagnetic -Gravitational -Spacecraft

[Abstract] This is the ‘pilot paper’ in a series of three presenting the elementary theory and design of a new type of spacecraft: the ‘Sonic -Electromagnetic -Gravit ational Spacecraft’ (SEGS) . This first paper presents the SEGS principles . In design , SEGS is similar to the “Sonic -Double -Flutter -Aircraft” (SDFA), a new type of aircraft with an unusual structure including a wave generator, guide and reflector, which was presented by the authors in previous papers . Unlike all vehicles ever built (from the most primitive canoe to state of the art spacecraft), SEGS does not rely on “The Law of Momentum Conservation” for propulsion. The SEGS are atomic, electromagnetic and g ravitational spacecraft based on the following four fundamental concepts. 1) The “Theory of Sonics”, which analyzes the manipulation of energy (i.e., generation, transport and conversion) in wave form . 2) -The principle of radiant hulls – the ship hull, whi ch is integrated into the propulsion system, emits a propulsive radiation that permeates the entire ship . 3) -The use of artificial gravitation of high intensity – the only radiation that satisfies all spacecraft propulsion requirements . Artificial gravitat ion creates high acceleration. According to Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence, inertia is locally equivalent with a gravitational field . A uniform gravitational field beamed from the front hull pull s the entire ship forward and SEGS -crew -members feel no acceleration . The energy of this field is converted into kinetic energy according to the law of energy conservation . 4) Law of Conversion of Electromagnetic Radiation (Waves) into Gravitational Radiation (Waves) . Einstein’s field equations demonstrate that photon matter subject to quadruple oscillations is also a source of gravitational waves . In special circumstances, electromagnetic radiation having high frequency and uniform distribution release a uniform and strong gravitational radiation with identical frequency . This law is demonstrated in two different ways. The spacecraft hull converts most of the electromagnetic energy into gravitational radiation and is an integral part of the propulsion system . The hull releases residual electromagnetic energy as brilliant -visible -light with color chosen by designer . The SEGS concept is rigorously based on well -known and verified laws of modern physics, especially Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity and on applied sciences. A clear understanding of artificial gravitation is crucial for comprehending the mechanism of natural gravitation and inertia, i.e., the resistance force felt while accelerating a body

Sonic -Electromagnetic -Gravitational -Spacecraft - Space Propulsion

[Abstract] This is the third paper in the series on the elementary theory and design of ‘Sonic - Electromagnetic -Gravitational -Spacecraft’ (SEGS). The first paper s present the principles of SEGS, two different demonstrations for the Law of Conversion of Electromagnetic Radiation into Gravitational Radiation, which is the theoretical foundation of SEGS, related aspects of natural gravitation and iner tia ‘mechanisms’, the application of Einstein’s field equations to SEGS and thrust calculations , terrestrial and defense applications and the key topics of research required for SEGS production . Unlike all current spacecraft, SEGS do not rely on the Law of Momentum Conservation for propulsion but use artificial gravitation instead. Classic rockets are pu shed; SEGS are pulled due to the interaction between artificial gravitation emitted by various sections of hull and ship mass . The hull includes active sect ions having numerous layers with reflective surfaces, where working electromagnetic radiation is involved in multiple reflections and converted into artificial gravitation. These sections can be turned on or off in order to decelerate of accelerate the shi p in any direction and for attitude control. The flux of artificial gravitation is directed inward. Residual electromagnetic energy is eliminated through the hull using a special process based on refractions because SEGS require a very efficient and compac t system for eliminating waste energy . As a result, the SEGS hull emit s a brilliant light . The color of exhaust light (red, orange, yellow, or green) is chosen during design . Planetary SEGS use single or multiple pulses of electromagnetic energy. Residual energy is periodically released as a beam at angles varying from 0 to 360 degrees, creating the illusion of a spacecraft rotation around central axis. A ccording to Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence, inertia and gravitation fields are locally equivalent; therefore SEGS crews would feel no acceleration. Like any spacecraft, SEGS has to be light and capable to store all required fuel on -board . T he SEGS power plant has to be a miniaturized fusion reactor. The environmental impact of SEGS can be minimized by certain design features and operational procedures . In the far future, advanced SEGS might use “counter -gravitation” radiation, which would be akin to the gravitational one, but causing repulsion instead of attraction . The forward and rear hull of such adv anced SEGS would emit gravitational and counter gravitational radiation, respectively . In this manner, the spacecraft body would be simultaneously attracted (i.e., pulled forward) and repulsed (i.e., pushed from the rear). These two effects are cumulative and would boost the spacecraft acceleration . SEGS with generators of c ounter -gravitation would have intergalactic range . According to Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (GTR), gravitational fields change the spee d of light. SEGS able to project a stro ng counter -gravitational field forward would move within a “counter gravitational -channel” , where (according to the General Theory of Relativity) the local speed of light would far exceed the speed of light in vacuum . For all practical purposes, such SEGS would be faster than light with a top speed limited only by the intensity of counter gravitationa l radiation projected forward. Theoretically, such ships could reach any point in the Universe. To build such ships, our civilization must plan for sustained r esearch efforts focused on enabling technologies, especially materials and/or fields for outer hull layers required to reflect gravitational and counter -gravitational radiation . With such technology, all energy can be used for propulsion. We estimate these advanced SEGS could be built in 250 -300 years.

Sonic -Electromagnetic -Gravitational -Spacecraft - Terrestrial and Defense Applications

[Abstract] This is the second paper in the series on the elementary theory and design of ‘SonicElectromagnetic-Gravitational-Spacecraft’ (SEGS). The first paper presents the principles of SEGS, two different demonstrations of the Law of Conversion of Electromagnetic Radiation into Gravitational Radiation, which is the theoretical foundation of SEGS, related aspects of natural gravitation and inertia ‘mechanisms’, the use Einstein’s field equations for SEGS and algorithms for calculating the propulsive force. Unlike all current spacecraft, SEGS do not rely on the Law of Momentum Conservation for propulsion but are instead propelled by artificial gravitation, which is emitted by a section of the spacecraft hull and directed inward. Classic rockets are pushed; SEGS are pulled due to the interaction between artificial gravitation and ship mass. According to Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence (inertia and gravitational field are locally equivalent), SEGS crews would feel no acceleration. The mastery of artificial gravitation is a formidable challenge requiring many technological advances and must be carefully planned. It is easier to design and built a terrestrial generator of artificial gravitation than a SEGS propulsion system because cooling and mass constraints are greatly relaxed. Therefore the first generators of artificial gravitation should be land-based. These generators would have various applications such as countering the Earth attraction in order to crate gravity free zones on the ground. Some advanced drugs and machine parts can be produced only through special processes requiring a gravity free environment. Therefore the land based generators would be of great benefit to the Health Care and Manufacturing Industry. This paper analyzes the main technological issues that must be solved in order to build generators of artificial gravity, especially for spaceships, and suggests some research avenues, which seem productive. Most avenues involve fusion technology and solid state physics. A massive research effort is required to perfect these technologies. Miniaturized generators of artificial gravity would allow the construction of gravitational bulbs and cannons. Gravitational bulbs can be used to easily counter the natural gravitational field of Earth in limited areas. Technological progress will allow the manufacture of gravitational cannons that could be used to protect Earth against meteorites and for defense and the control of meteorological phenomena.