Constantinos J. Milios

2-Aminoisobutyric Acid in Co(II) and Co(II)/Ln(III) Chemistry: Homometallic and Heterometallic Clusters

The synthesis and magnetic properties of 13 new homo- and heterometallic Co(II) complexes containing the artificial amino acid 2-amino-isobutyric acid, aibH, are reported: [Co(II)(4)(aib)(3)(aibH)(3)(NO(3))](NO(3))(4)·2.8CH(3)OH·0.2H(2)O (1·2.8CH(3)OH·0.2H(2)O), {Na(2)[Co(II)(2)(aib)(2)(N(3))(4)(CH(3)OH)(4)]}(n) (2), [Co(II)(6)La(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(2)(H(2)O)(4)(CH(3)CN)(2)]·0.5[La(NO(3))(6)]·0.75(ClO(4))·1.75(NO(3))·3.2CH(3)CN·5.9H(2)O (3·3.2CH(3)CN·5.9H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Pr(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(3)(CH(3)CN)(6)]·[Pr(NO(3))(5)]·0.41[Pr(NO(3))(3)(ClO(4))(0.5)(H(2)O)(1.5)]·0.59[Co(NO(3))(3)(H(2)O)]·0.2(ClO(4))·0.25H(2)O (4·0.25H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Nd(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(2.8)(CH(3)OH)(4.7)(H(2)O)(1.5)]·2.7(ClO(4))·0.5(NO(3))·2.26CH(3)OH·0.24H(2)O (5·2.26CH(3)OH·0.24H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Sm(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(3)(CH(3)CN)(6)]·[Sm(NO(3))(5)]·0.44[Sm(NO(3))(3)(ClO(4))(0.5)(H(2)O)(1.5)]·0.56[Co(NO(3))(3)(H(2)O)]·0.22(ClO(4))·0.3H(2)O (6·0.3H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Eu(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(3)(CH(3)OH)(4.87)(H(2)O)(1.13)](ClO(4))(2.5)(NO(3))(0.5)·2.43CH(3)OH·0.92H(2)O (7·2.43CH(3)OH·0.92H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Gd(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(2.9)(CH(3)OH)(4.9)(H(2)O)(1.2)]·2.6(ClO(4))·0.5(NO(3))·2.58CH(3)OH·0.47H(2)O (8·2.58CH(3)OH·0.47H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Tb(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(3)(CH(3)CN)(6)]·[Tb(NO(3))(5)]·0.034[Tb(NO(3))(3)(ClO(4))(0.5)(H(2)O)(0.5)]·0.656[Co(NO(3))(3)(H(2)O)]·0.343(ClO(4))·0.3H(2)O (9·0.3H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Dy(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(2.9)(CH(3)OH)(4.92)(H(2)O)(1.18)](ClO(4))(2.6)(NO(3))(0.5)·2.5CH(3)OH·0.5H(2)O (10·2.5CH(3)OH·0.5H(2)O), [Co(II)(6)Ho(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(3)(CH(3)CN)(6)]·0.27[Ho(NO(3))(3)(ClO(4))(0.35)(H(2)O)(0.15)]·0.656[Co(NO(3))(3)(H(2)O)]·0.171(ClO(4)) (11), [Co(II)(6)Er(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(4)(NO(3))(2)(CH(3)CN)(2.5)(H(2)O)(3.5)](ClO(4))(3)·CH(3)CN·0.75H(2)O (12·CH(3)CN·0.75H(2)O), and [Co(II)(6)Tm(III)(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(NO(3))(3)(H(2)O)(6)]·1.48(ClO(4))·1.52(NO(3))·3H(2)O (13·3H(2)O). Complex 1 describes a distorted tetrahedral metallic cluster, while complex 2 can be considered to be a 2-D coordination polymer. Complexes 3-13 can all be regarded as metallo-cryptand encapsulated lanthanides in which the central lanthanide ion is captivated within a [Co(II)(6)] trigonal prism. dc and ac magnetic susceptibility studies have been carried out in the 2-300 K range for complexes 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 13, revealing the possibility of single molecule magnetism behavior for complex 10.

A Strongly Blue-Emitting Heptametallic [DyIII7] Centered-Octahedral Single-Molecule Magnet

The employment of 2-(β-naphthalideneamino)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-propanol and 2-aminoisobutyric acid in dysprosium chemistry has led to the isolation of a novel heptanuclear [Dy(III)(7)] cluster displaying single-molecule-magnetism behavior and blue-emitting properties.

Heptanuclear Heterometallic [Cu6Ln] Clusters: Trapping Lanthanides into Copper Cages with Artificial Amino Acids

Employment of the artificial amino acid 2-amino-isobutyric acid, aibH, in Cu(II) and Cu(II)/Ln(III) chemistry led to the isolation and characterization of 12 new heterometallic heptanuclear [Cu(6)Ln(aib)(6)(OH)(3)(OAc)(3)(NO(3))(3)] complexes consisting of trivalent lanthanide centers within a hexanuclear copper trigonal prism (aibH = 2-amino-butyric acid; Ln = Ce (1), Pr (2), Nd (3), Sm (4), Eu (5), Gd (6), Tb (7), Dy (8), Ho (9), Er (10), Tm (11), and Yb (12)). Direct curent magnetic susceptibility studies have been carried out in the 5-300 K range for all complexes, revealing the different nature of the magnetic interactions between the 3d-4f metallic pairs: dominant antiferromagnetic interactions for the majority of the pairs and dominant ferromagnetic interactions for when the lanthanide center is Gd(III) and Dy(III). Furthermore, alternating current magnetic susceptibility studies reveal the possibility of single-molecule magnetism behavior for complexes 7 and 8. Finally, complexes 2, 5-8, 10, and 12 were analyzed using positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS), establishing the structural integrity of the heterometallic heptanuclear cage structure in acetonitrile.

Rare Oxidation-State Combinations and Unusual Structural Motifs in Hexanuclear Mn Complexes Using 2-Pyridyloximate Ligands

The use of phenyl-2-pyridyl ketone oxime and di-2-pyridyl ketone oxime in Mn chemistry has led to hexanuclear clusters with unprecedented (Mn(II)(4)Mn(III)Mn(IV)) or extremely rare (Mn(II)Mn(III)(5) and Mn(II)(3)Mn(III)(3)) metal oxidation-state combinations and uncommon structural motifs.

Cluster-Based Single-Molecule Magnets

This review covers single-molecule magnets, not only focussing on developments since 2005 but also including coverage of earlier work where necessary for understanding of recent results. The enormous growth of the area has led to an astonishing number of beautiful new molecules, and these structures are described. While work on 3d-single-molecule magnets has continued to create new materials for study, the major new path for exploration is studies of elements from other areas of the periodic table, particularly the 4f-elements. Here much higher energy barriers for magnetic relaxation are observed, and a much more varied chemistry is possible due to the high stability of the +3 oxidation state of the lanthanides. The chapter does not cover single ion magnets, which are reviewed elsewhere in this volume.

Artificial amino acids in nickel(II) and nickel(II)/lanthanide(III) chemistry.

The synthesis and magnetic properties of five new homo- and heterometallic nickel(II) complexes containing artificial amino acids are reported: [Ni(4)(aib)(3)(aibH)(3)(NO(3))](NO(3))(4)·3.05MeOH (1·3.05MeOH), [Ni(6)La(aib)(12)](NO(3))(3)·5.5H(2)O (2·5.5H(2)O), [Ni(6)Pr(aib)(12)](NO(3))(3)·5.5H(2)O (3·5.5H(2)O), [Ni(5)(OH)(2)(l-aba)(4)(OAc)(4)]·0.4EtOH·0.3H(2)O 6(4·0.4EtOH·0.3H(2)O), and [Ni(6)La(l-aba)(12)][La(2)(NO(3))(9)] (5; aibH = 2-aminoisobutyric acid; l-abaH = l-2-aminobutyric acid). Complexes 1 and 4 describe trigonal-pyramidal and square-based pyramidal metallic clusters, respectively, while complexes 2, 3, and 5 can be considered to be metallocryptand-encapsulated lanthanides. Complexes 4 and 5 are chiral and crystallize in the space groups I222 and P2(1)3, respectively. Direct-current magnetic susceptibility studies in the 2-300 K range for all complexes reveal the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, leading to small or diamagnetic ground states.

Flexible lanthanide MOFs as highly selective and reusable liquid MeOH sorbents

A series of new 3-D Ln3+ metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are based on the semi-rigid ligand H3CIP [H3CIP = 5-(4-carboxybenzylideneamino)isophthalic acid], [Ln2(CIP)2(DMF)4−x(H2O)x] (Ln3+ = La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+; x = 0–2) are reported. Magnetic susceptibility data for selected compounds indicated the presence of antiferromagnetic interactions, while the photoluminescence properties of the MOFs revealed emission peaks that are red-shifted compared to the emission (405 nm) of the uncoordinated H3CIP ligand, whereas the Eu3+ and Tb3+ analogues showed emission peaks typical of these lanthanide ions. Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal (SCSC) coordinating solvent exchange experiments with acetone and methanol for the Ce3+ analogue afforded compounds that are isostructural with the pristine material and contain one acetone and one water or 1.25 methanol and 0.75 water ligated molecules per Ce3+ respectively. The capability of activated Ce3+ MOF to absorb liquid MeOH was evaluated by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results of the sorption experiments indicated a maximum absorption capacity of 96(2) mg g−1 and fast kinetics, while the sorbent is reusable and is also capable of highly selective sorption of MeOH over EtOH. Overall this work emphasizes the multifunctional nature of lanthanide MOFs and provides insight into the liquid-phase sorption of small organic molecules by such materials demonstrating their high potential as sorbents.

Assembling molecular triangles into discrete and infinite architectures

Having established that molecules with general formulae [MnIII6O2(R-sao)6(O2CR)2(L)4–6] ([Mn6]) and [MnIII3O(R-sao)3(X)(L)3] ([Mn3]) (saoH2 = salicylaldoxime; R = H, Me, Et etc; X = RCO2−, ClO4−; L = solvent), with the latter being the analogous “half” molecules of the former, exhibit the phenomenon of single-molecule magnetism, we have exploited them as building blocks to construct supramolecular architectures by means of host–guest interactions and coordination driven self-assembly. A number of discrete and infinite architectures, namely [MnIII3O(Ph-sao)3(4Cl-sbz)3(MeOH)3]2(OH)(ClO4)·2MeOH (1·2MeOH), [MnIII3O(Ph-sao)3(4Me-sbz)3(EtOH)3]2(OH)(NO3) (2), {[MnIII3O(Et-sao)3(4,4′-bpy)2(MeOH)] ClO4·1.5MeOH·Et2O}n (3·1.5MeOH·Et2O), {[MnIII3O(sao)3(4,4′-bpe)1.5]ClO4·3MeOH}n (4·3MeOH) and [{MnIII3O(Et-sao)3(O2CPh)(EtOH)}2{4,4′-bpe}2] (5), based on the molecular triangle [Mn3] and various pyridyl-type ligands (4Cl-sbz = 4-chlorostilbazole, 4Me-sbz = 4-methylstilbazole, 4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine and 4,4′-bpe = trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) were obtained and structurally and magnetically characterized.

Polynuclear manganese amino acid complexes

The reaction of MnCl(2).4H(2)O with DL-valine (Val) in MeOH in the presence of Et-saoH(2) (2-hydroxypropiophenone oxime) and NEt(4)OH forms the complex [Mn(III)(3)Mn(IV)(2)O(2)(CH(3)O)(Et-sao)(6)(Val)].Val.1.5H(2)O (1.Val.1.5H(2)O) in very good yields. A similar reaction of MnCl(2).4H(2)O with Glycine (Gly) in MeOH in the presence of saoH(2) (salicylaldoxime) and Ca(OH)(2) yields the complex [Mn(III)(3)O(sao)(3)(Gly)Cl(MeOH)(3)].1.87 MeOH.0.13H(2)O (2.1.87 MeOH.0.13H(2)O). Replacing saoH(2) with Me-saoH(2) (2-hydroxyethanone oxime) and Gly with HPABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) in the presence of CH(3)ONa in MeOH forms the complex [Mn(6)O(2)(PABA)(2)(Me-sao)(6)(MeOH)(4)(H(2)O)(2)].2[Mn(6)O(2)(PABA)(2)(Me-sao)(6)(MeOH)(2)].11 MeOH (3.11 MeOH) in moderate yields. Magnetic studies for 1 and 2 reveal the presence of both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions, leading to S = 2 ground states for both complexes. Complexes 1 and 2 represent the first examples of polynuclear manganese complexes with any naturally occurring alpha-amino acid, while 3 is the first structurally characterised example of a manganese para-aminobenzoate complex.

Bipolar Mass Spectrometry of Labile Coordination Complexes, Redox Active Inorganic Compounds, and Proteins Using a Glass Nebulizer for Sonic-Spray Ionization

AbstractIn this study, we report on the development of a novel nebulizer configuration for sonic-spray ionization (SSI) mass spectrometry (MS), more specifically for a version of SSI that is referred to as Venturi easy ambient sonic-spray ionization (V-EASI) MS. The developed nebulizer configuration is based on a commercially available pneumatic glass nebulizer that has been used extensively for aerosol formation in atomic spectrometry. In the present study, the nebulizer was modified in order to achieve efficient V-EASI-MS operation. Upon evaluating this system, it has been demonstrated that V-EASI-MS offers some distinct advantages for the analysis of coordination compounds and redox active inorganic compounds over the predominantly used electrospray ionization (ESI) technique. Such advantages, for this type of compounds, are demonstrated here for the first time. More specifically, a series of labile heptanuclear heterometallic [CuII6LnIII] clusters held together with artificial amino acid ligands, in addition to easily oxidized inorganic oxyanions of selenium and arsenic, were analyzed. The observed advantages pertain to V-EASI appearing to be a “milder” ionization source than ESI, not requiring electrical potentials for gas phase ion formation, thus eliminating the possibility of unwanted redox transformations, allowing for the “simultaneous” detection of negative and positive ions (bipolar analysis) without the need to change source ionization conditions, and also not requiring the use of syringes and delivery pumps. Because of such features, especially because of the absence of ionization potentials, EASI can be operated with minimal requirements for source parameter optimization. We observed that source temperature and accelerating voltage do not seem to affect labile compounds to the extent they do in ESI-MS. In addition, bipolar analysis of proteins was demonstrated here by acquiring both positive and negative ion mass spectra from the same protein solutions, without the need to independently adjust solution and source conditions in each mode. Finally, the simple and efficient operation of a dual-nebulizer configuration was demonstrated for V-EASI-MS for the first time. Figureᅟ