Corey L. M. Keyes

Women and depression : a handbook for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: Culture, Race/Ethnicity, and Depression

INTRODUCTION Mental health problems affect approximately 26% of U.S. adults in a given year and 50% at some point in their life time (Demyttenaere et al., 2004; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999). The leading causes of disability in the United States, in fact, include four mental health conditions: major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; Murray & Lopez, 1996). Depressive disorders, however, are more common than schizophrenia and OCDs. For example, in the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, about 9.5% of adults over the age of 18 were diagnosed with a depressive disorder in a given year compared to 1.1% for schizophrenia and 2.3% for OCD (Regier et al., 1993). It is estimated that 16% of American adults meet criteria for major depressive disorder at some time in their life (Kessler et al., 2003) and the prevalence of depressive disorders is markedly increasing in younger cohorts compared to older ones (Kasen, Cohen, Chen, & Castille, 2003). However, racial differences in the risk of depression is unclear. African Americans appear to have equivalent or lower rates of major depression than Whites (Kessler, McGonagle, Schwartz, Glazer, & Nelson, 1993; Kessler et al., 2003; Robins & Regier, 1991) but higher rates than Whites of depressive symptoms (Vega & Rumbaut, 1991; Williams & Harris-Reid, 1999). The limited available data for other racial groups suggest that the prevalence of mental health problems is similar to those of Whites but the need for more research on this topic has been explicitly stated by a growing contingent of mental health scholars (U.S. DHHS, 2001).

Depressive Disorders in Women

INTRODUCTION In the United States, over 30 million people experience clinical depression each year (Kessler et al., 2003), with the majority of these patients being female. The rate of depression in women is typically twice that of men, with several studies reporting variability in the lifetime ratios in different countries, for example ratios ranging from 1.6 in Beirut and Taiwan to 3.1 in West Germany (Weissman et al., 1996). The identification and treatment of depression in women has garnered increasing attention over the past decade, particularly with respect to the impact of reproductive life events on mood disorders. The National Institutes of Health has issued several announcements requesting applications to investigate this understudied area. A major impetus for this increased research focus is that distribution of major depression across the female reproductive life cycle is variable. Women are at greatest risk for the first episode of major depression during the childbearing years (Angold, Costello, & Worthman, 1998; Bebbington et al., 1998; Weissman, 1996). The overlap between the symptoms of depression and many complaints considered by clinicians to be the normal sequelae of reproductive life events, such as menstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, and the transition to menopause, presents challenges to the accurate diagnosis as well as calls to question the validity of applying the same diagnostic criteria to women during these life events (Stowe & Newport, 1998).

Women and Depression: List of Contributors

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: Author Index

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: BIOLOGICAL, DEVELOPMENTAL, AND AGING MODELS OF RISK

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC MODELS OF RISK

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES OF TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND POLICY

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL MODELS OF RISK

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.

Women and Depression: NOSOLOGY, MEASUREMENT, AND THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF WOMEN AND DEPRESSION

Part I. Nosology, Measurement, and the Epidemiology of Women and Depression: 1. Depression: from nosology to global burden Kay Wilhelm 2. Epidemiology of depression in women Ronald Kessler Part II. Biological, Developmental, and Aging Models of Risk: 3. The biology underpinnings of depression Ania Korszun, Margaret Altemus, and Elizabeth Young 4. Depressive disorders in women: from Menarche to beyond the menopause Wendy Somerset, D. Jeffrey Newport, Kim Ragan and Zachary N. Stowe 5. Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? Laura M. DeRose, A. Jordan Wright and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 6. Womens aging and depression Brenda Penninx Part III. Cognitive, Emotional, and Interpersonal Models of Risk: 7. Cognition and depression Joan Girgus and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 8. Personality and depression in women Thomas A. Widiger, Stephanie Mullins-Sweatt and Kristen G. Anderson 9. The social costs of stress: how sex differences in stress responses can lead to social stress vulnerability and depression in women Laura Cousino Klein, Elizabeth J. Corwin, and Rachel M. Ceballos 10. Marriage and depression Mark A. Whisman, Lauren M. Weinstock, and Natalie Tolejko 11. Depression in women who are mothers: an integrative model of risk for the development of psychopathology in their sons and daughters Sherryl H. Goodman and Erin Tully Part IV. Social, Political, and Economic Models of Risk: 12. Social suffering, gender, and womens depression Jeanne Marecek 13. Women, work, and depression: conceptual and policy issues Mary Clare Lennon 14. Culture, race/ethnicity, and depression Pamela Braboy-Jackson and David Williams 15. Trauma and depression Kristin M. Penza, Christine Heim, and Charles Nemeroff 16. Public health approach to depression and women: the case of the disadvantaged inner-city woman Claire E. Sterk, Katherine P. Theall and Kirk W. Elifson Part V. Systems and Processes of Treatment, Prevention, and Policy: 17. Services and treatment for depression: international perspectives and implications for a gender-sensitive approach Shekhar Saxena and Pratap Sharan 18. Prevention of depression in women Tamar Mendelson and Ricardo F. Munoz 19. Women and depression: research, theory, and social policies Jean Hamilton and Nancy F. Russo.