Cristina Salles

Prevalência da apneia obstrutiva do sono em crianças e adolescentes portadores da anemia falciforme

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia (SCA); to investigate the possible correlation between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 1 was considered indicative of a diagnosis of OSAS. RESULTS: The prevalence of OSAS was 10.6%. We found a negative correlation between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 90% (r = µ0.343; p = 0.002), as well as between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 80% (r = µ0.270; p = 0.016). There was no association between AHI and painful crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of OSAS in this population was high (10.6%). Therefore, it is important to identify signs of OSAS as soon as possible and to determine the mean annual hemoglobin level because of the inverse correlation between that level and the total sleep time with SpO2 < 90% or < 80%.

Evaluation of the upper airway in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may be associated with the presence of upper airway obstruction caused by chronic infection and nasal polyposis that may also contribute to OSAS severity. Our objective was to identify the profile of findings in CF and OSAS patients by performing upper airway examinations. METHODOLOGY Observational, cross-sectional study involving 63 children and adolescents between the ages of 2 and 14 with CF. All patients answered a questionnaire and underwent a standard otolaryngology examination, including an endoscopic nasal and nocturnal polysomnography. OSAS diagnosis was confirmed if the obstructive apnea index was >or=1. RESULTS OSAS was identified in 35 (55.6%) patients. The upper airway findings were evaluated using multiple correspondence factorial analysis. The OSAS group presented with overjet >2mm, enlarged pharyngeal pillars, palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils hypertrophy, ogival hard palates and characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis. CONCLUSION Bone and soft tissue structural alterations of the upper airway and chronic rhinosinusitis were associated with the OSAS group patients.

Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome: cephalometric analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) are characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, usually associated with sleep interruption and decreased oxyhemoglobin saturation. Cephalometric analysis has become an important method in diagnosis, reporting specific craniofacial characteristics such as posterior air pharyngeal space, tongue length and hyoid position, which may predispose some people to develop SAHOS. The purpose of this revision is to present several anatomic aspects by cephalometric analysis that may have a predisposition to the development of upper airway occlusion.

Síndrome da apnéia e hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono: análise cefalométrica

Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) are characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, usually associated with sleep interruption and decreased oxyhemoglobin saturation. Cephalometric analysis has become an important method in diagnosis, reporting specific craniofacial characteristics such as posterior air pharyngeal space, tongue length and hyoid position, which may predispose some people to develop SAHOS. The purpose of this revision is to present several anatomic aspects by cephalometric analysis that may have a predisposition to the development of upper airway occlusion.

Arquitetura do sono e perfil respiratório polissonográfico de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística

OBJECTIVES To evaluate sleep architecture in children and adolescents with both cystic fibrosis (CF) and a clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to identify the respiratory polysomnographic profile of these patients. METHODS Parents or guardians of children with CF filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their clinical and sleep conditions. Children who were identified as having behaviors associated with SDB underwent polysomnography. After polysomnography, patients were grouped according to the obstructive apnea index (AI) obtained (either < 1 or ≥ 1), and a multiple correspondence factor analysis was used to analyze and identify the polysomnographic profile of patients. RESULTS Of the 74 patients who met inclusion criteria for this study, 67 underwent polysomnography, and 38 (56.7%) of the 67 patients showed an AI ≥ 1. Median age was 8 years. The group of patients with an AI ≥ 1 was characterized by total sleep time (TST) during stage 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep < 21 and 13%, respectively, REM sleep latency > 144 minutes, percentage of TST with pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90% higher than 0.28 seconds, and an oxygen desaturation index higher than 0.92. CONCLUSION Results suggest that clinically stable pediatric patients with CF have a high prevalence of SDB and present frequent sleep complaints, significant changes in sleep architecture, and episodes of oxygen desaturation during sleep.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep architecture in children and adolescents with both cystic fibrosis (CF) and a clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to identify the respiratory polysomnographic profile of these patients. METHODS: Parents or guardians of children with CF filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their clinical and sleep conditions. Children who were identified as having behaviors associated with SDB underwent polysomnography. After polysomnography, patients were grouped according to the obstructive apnea index (AI) obtained (either 1), and a multiple correspondence factor analysis was used to analyze and identify the polysomnographic profile of patients. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients who met inclusion criteria for this study, 67 underwent polysomnography, and 38 (56.7%) of the 67 patients showed an AI > 1. Median age was 8 years. The group of patients with an AI > 1 was characterized by total sleep time (TST) during stage 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep 144 minutes, percentage of TST with pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90% higher than 0.28 seconds, and an oxygen desaturation index higher than 0.92. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that clinically stable pediatric patients with CF have a high prevalence of SDB and present frequent sleep complaints, significant changes in sleep architecture, and episodes of oxygen desaturation during sleep.

Associação entre hipertrofia adenotonsilar, tonsilites e crises álgicas na anemia falciforme

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalencia da hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva em criancas e adolescentes portadores de anemia falciforme; investigar possivel associacao entre presenca de mais de cinco episodios de tonsilite nos ultimos 12 meses e episodios de crise algica no mesmo periodo; e comparar a hemoglobina anual media entre os que apresentam e os que nao apresentam hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva. METODOS: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, observacional do tipo corte transversal, com 85 criancas e adolescentes com anemia falciforme. Todos responderam questionario e avaliacao otorrinolaringologica, incluindo endoscopia nasossinusal. Para o diagnostico da hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva foram adotados os criterios de Brodsky. RESULTADOS: A prevalencia da hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva foi de 55,3%. A hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva associou-se a historia de dificuldade para alimentar-se (76,7 versus 23,5%; p = 0,003), presenca de mais de cinco episodios de tonsilites nos ultimos 12 meses (70,6 versus 29,4%; p = 0,021), roncar alto (73,0 versus 27,0%; p = 0,004) e apneia do sono assistida (71,8 versus 28,2%; p = 0,005). Portadores de hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva apresentaram maior numero de infeccoes das vias aereas superiores (62,5 versus 37,5; p = 0,010). Tambem foi observada associacao entre presenca de mais de cinco episodios de tonsilite nos ultimos 12 meses e episodios de crise algica no mesmo periodo (mediana = 12 versus 2; p = 0,017). Nao houve diferenca significante da hemoglobina anual media entre portadores de hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva versus hipertrofia adenotonsilar nao-obstrutiva (7,6 versus 8,2 g/dL; p = 0,199). CONCLUSAO: A prevalencia da hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva foi de 55,3% em criancas e adolescentes com anemia falciforme. A presenca de mais de cinco episodios de tonsilite nos ultimos 12 meses associaram-se com episodios de crise algica no mesmo periodo; e nao houve diferenca quanto ao valor da hemoglobina anual media entre os que apresentaram e os que nao apresentaram hipertrofia adenotonsilar obstrutiva.

Association between adenotonsillar hypertrophy, tonsillitis and painful crises in sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia; to investigate possible association between the presence of more than five episodes of tonsillitis in the last 12 months and episodes of painful crises in the same period; and to compare the mean annual hemoglobin level in children and adolescents with and without obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy. METHODS Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study involving 85 children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. All patients answered a questionnaire and underwent a standard otolaryngology examination, including endoscopic endonasal approach. The diagnosis of obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy was made according to the Brodsky scale. RESULTS The prevalence of obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy was 55.3%. Obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy was associated with history of difficulty in eating (76.7 vs. 23.5%, p = 0.003), presence of more than five episodes of tonsillitis in the last 12 months (70.6 vs. 29.4%, p = 0.021), loud snoring (73.0 vs. 27.0%, p = 0.004), and sleep apnea (71.8 vs. 28.2%, p = 0.005). Patients with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy had more episodes of recurrent upper airway tract infection (62.5 vs. 37.5; p = 0.010). The presence of more than five episodes of tonsillitis in the last 12 months was associated with episodes of painful crises (median = 12 vs. 2, p = 0.017). There was no significant difference between mean annual hemoglobin levels of patients with obstructive adenotonsilar hypertrophy vs. nonobstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy: 7.6 vs. 8.2 g/dL, p = 0.199. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy was 55.3% in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia; the presence of more than five episodes of tonsillitis in the last 12 months was associated with episodes of painful crises in the same period; and there was no difference in the mean annual hemoglobin value among those with or without obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Original articleAssociation between morphometric variables and nocturnal desaturation in sickle-cell anemiaAssociação entre variáveis morfométricas e dessaturação noturna na anemia falciforme☆

OBJECTIVE to evaluate associations between morphometric variables, cervical circumference (CC), and abdominal circumference (AC) with the presence of nocturnal desaturation in children and adolescents with sickle-cell anemia. METHODS all patients were submitted to baseline polysomnography, oral cavity measurements (maxillary intermolar distance, mandibular intermolar distance, and overjet), and CC and AC measurements. RESULTS a total of 85 patients were evaluated. A positive correlation was observed between the height/age Z-score and CC measurement (r = 0.233, p = 0.031). The presence of nocturnal desaturation was associated with CC (59.2± 9.3 vs. 67.5 ± 10.7, p = 0.006) and AC measurements (27.0 ± 2.0 vs. 29.0± 2.1, p = 0.028). There was a negative correlation between desaturation and maxillary intermolar distance (r = -0.365, p = 0.001) and mandibular intermolar distance (r = -0.233, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS the morphometric variables of CC and AC may contribute to raise suspicion of nocturnal desaturation in children and adolescents with sickle-cell anemia.Objective to evaluate associations between morphometric variables, cervical circumference (CC), and abdominal circumference (AC) with the presence of nocturnal desaturation in children and adolescents with sickle-cell anemia.

Apneia obstrutiva do sono em portadores da anemia falciforme

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is defined as recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. The airflow can be reduced or completely stopped despite of inspiratory effort, resulting in intermittent episodes of hypoxemia and hypercapnia. OSAS may be a factor in the worsening of nocturnal hypoxemia, of the underlying disease, leading to acute chest syndrome. The aim of this work was to review data on the pathophysiology of OSAS in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. We revisited articles published over the last ten years linked to the Medline and Lilacs databases, as well as cross-referencing using these articles. The following keywords were used: sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease. Studies suggest that OSAS may increase clinical complications, such as painful crises, delayed growth, cognitive and intelligence disorders, nocturnal arterial desaturation and strokes in children with sickle cell anemia. Studies suggest that OSAS may increase the clinical complications of children with sickle cell anemia. Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter.

Eventos adversos nasofaríngeos da pressão positiva contínua em vias aéreas em pacientes com asma grave e apneia obstrutiva do sono

Introducao : Pacientes com asma grave e sindrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) apresentam frequencia elevada de sintomas sugestivos de rinite, tais como ressecamento nasal e de faringe, rinorreia e espirros que podem ser agravados com o tratamento com pressao positiva continua nas vias aereas (CPAP). O CPAP constitui-se em uma das opcoes terapeuticas para individuos com SAOS moderada e grave. Apesar de efetivo , a adesao ao CPAP nasal (nCPAP) e variavel, sendo a intolerância a mascara e a presenca de sintomas nasofaringeos problemas clinicos observados. Objetivo : descrever os e feitos adversos nasofaringeos da nCPAP durante a titulacao em pacientes com asma grave e SAOS. Metodologia : Foram avaliados 21 individuos asmaticos adultos de ambos os sexos, admitidos no Programa de Controle da Asma na Bahia. Todos realizaram polissonografia basal e com titulacao de CPAP; receberam orientacao sobre o tratamento e foram submetidos a um criterioso ajuste da mascara. Resultado : Entre os pacientes estudados, 20 (95,2%) apresentaram sintomas nasofaringeos durante a titulacao de CPAP. Ressecamento de faringe e oral foram os sintomas mais frequentes, pois estiveram presentes em 12 (57,0%) e 8 (38,1%) dos pacientes. Outros sintomas relatados foram: 7 (33,4%) cefaleia, 6 (28,5%) obstrucao nasal, 6 (28,5%) prurido nasal, 4 (19,1%) ressecamento nasal, 4 (19,1%) dor compressiva, 3 (14,2%) rinorreia, 3 (14,2%) lesao na pele, 2 (9,6%) ressecamento ocular e 1 (4,8%) espirros. Conclusao : Pacientes asmaticos submetidos a terapia com nCPAP apresentaram elevada frequencia de ressecamento oral e de faringe.