Cun Li

Determination of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol, and florfenicol amine in poultry and porcine muscle and liver by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A sensitive and reliable method using gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol (CAP), thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FF), and florfenicol amine (FFA) at trace levels in muscle and liver. Before extraction with ethyl acetate, CAP-d(5) was added to tissue samples as internal standard. The organic extracts were frozen to remove lipid and further purified by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with hexane and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB cartridges. The target compounds were derivatized with BSTFA+1% TMCS prior to GC-NCI/MS determination in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The recovery values ranged from 78.5 to 105.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) <17%. The limits of detections (LODs) of 0.1 microg/kg for CAP and 0.5 microg/kg for TAP, FF, and FFA were obtain. Incurred sample and samples from local market were successfully analyzed using this method.

Development of an immunoaffinity column method using broad-specificity monoclonal antibodies for simultaneous extraction and cleanup of quinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics in animal muscle tissues

This paper describes a novel mixed-bed immunoaffinity column (IAC) method. The IAC was produced by coupling anti-quinolone and anti-sulfonamide broad-specificity monoclonal antibodies to Sepharose 4B for simultaneously isolating 13 quinolones (QNs) and 6 sulfonamides (SAs) from swine and chicken muscle tissues, followed by antibiotic determination using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A new broad-specificity Mab (B1A4E8) toward sulfonamides was produced using sulfamethoxazole as hapten that demonstrated cross-reactivities to 6 SAs in the range of 31-112%. IAC optimized conditions were found that allowed the IAC to be reused for selective binding of both SAs and QNs. Recoveries of all 19 antibiotics from animal muscle ranged from 72.6 to 107.6%, with RSDs below 11.3% and 15.4% for intra-day and inter-day experiments, respectively. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.5 to 3.0ng/g. The strategy used here for a mixed-bed IAC may be used to study other compounds and more than two classes of analytes simultaneously.

Developing and optimizing an immunoaffinity cleanup technique for determination of quinolones from chicken muscle.

An immunoaffinity chromatographic method was developed using an antibody mediated immunosorbent to selectively extract and purify 10 quinolones (marbofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, oxolinic acid, and flumequine) in chicken muscle followed by HPLC. The operating conditions of the immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column were optimized, and the IAC has been successfully used for the isolation and purification of 10 quinolones from chicken muscle tissue. The optimized immunoaffinity column sample cleanup procedure combined with HPLC coupling to fluorescence detection afforded low limits of detection (0.1 ng g(-1) for danfloxacin and 0.15 ng g(-1) for all other quinolones tested). The method was also applied to determine quinolone residues in commercial muscle samples.

Simultaneous determination of thiamphenicol, florfenicol and florfenicol amine in swine muscle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with immunoaffinity chromatography clean-up.

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FF), and florfenicol amine (FFA) in swine muscle is described. An immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column based on polyclonal antibodies and protein A-sepharose CL 4B was used to clean-up extracted samples. IAC optimized conditions were found that allowed the IAC to be reused for selective binding of TAP, FF, and FFA. The dynamic column capacity was more than 512ng/mL of gel after being used for 15 cycles. From fortified swine muscle samples at levels of 0.4-50ng/g, the average recoveries were 85.2-98.9% with intra- and inter-day variations less than 9.8% and 12.4%, respectively. The limit of quantitation ranged from 0.4 to 4.0microg/kg.

Determination of phenylethanolamine A in animal hair, tissues and feeds by reversed phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with QuEChERS.

A simple, sensitive and reliable analytical method was developed for the determination of a new beta-agonist phenylethanolamine A in animal hair, tissues and animal feeds by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) with QuEChERS. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v). The extract was purified through QuEChERS method, then was dried with nitrogen and residues were redissolved in mobile phase for hair sample or directly diluted with 0.1% formic acid in water for other samples, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS on a Waters Acquity BEH C(18) column with 0.1% formic acid in water/methanol as mobile phase with gradient elution. The samples were quantified using phenylethanolamine A-D(3) as internal standards. The proposed method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC determining specificity, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), recovery, precision, linearity, robustness and stability. The CCα values ranged from 0.10 to 0.26 μg/kg. The CCβ values ranged from 0.20 to 0.37 μg/kg. The mean recoveries of 95.4-108.9% with intra-day CVs of 2.2-5.6% and inter-day CVs of 3.1-6.2% were obtained. The method is demonstrated to be suitable for the determination of phenylethanolamine A in animal hair, tissues and animal feeds. The total time required for the analysis of one sample except animal hair sample, including sample preparation, was about 25 min.

UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of Sudan dyes and Para Red in food

An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes (Sudan Red G, Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan Red 7B and Sudan IV) and Para Red in food by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and water added into the extract. The supernatant was analysed by UPLC-MS/MS after refrigeration and centrifugation. The sample was separated on an Acquity BEH C18 column, and detected by MS/MS with the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Matrix calibration was used for quantitative testing of the method. The linear matrix calibrations of Sudan dyes and Para Red were 2–50 and 10–250 ng g−1, respectively, and the regression coefficients were >0.9945. The recoveries were 83.4–112.3% with good coefficients of variation of 2.0–10.8%. The limits of detection were between 0.3 and 1.4 ng g−1 for the six Sudan dyes, and between 3.7 and 6.0 ng g−1 for Para Red. The limits of quantification were between 0.9 and 4.8 ng g−1 for the six Sudan dyes, and between 12.2 and 19.8 ng g−1 for Para Red.

Determination of deoxynivalenol in cereals by immunoaffinity clean-up and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

An immunoaffinity column (IAC) was prepared with a new deoxynivalenol (DON) monoclonal antibody and used as a clean-up tool before ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis of DON in cereals. The developed IAC clean-up method showed high recoveries for DON. They ranged from 61% to 103% in wheat, rice, and millet with intra-day and inter-day variations below 19% and 17%, respectively. The column capacity was 2.86μg DON per mL of gel, and it maintained above 0.68μg/mL of gel after 10 cycles of usage at 2 days intervals. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 0.8μg/kg, respectively. Twenty-one out of 40 analyzed commercial cereal samples were positive at DON concentrations from 7 to 534μg/kg.