Cyril Ruilier

Use of single-mode waveguides to correct the optical defects of a nulling interferometer

In the area of long-baseline nulling interferometry, high rejection ratios are needed to cancel out the light of a bright central source and look for nearby faint structures or companions. These rejection requirements directly translate into drastic optical constraints. We discuss the possibility of using single-mode waveguides for such applications. Conversely to simple pinholes, single-mode waveguides efficiently correct wave-front defects of both high- and low-order spatial frequencies, ensure a perfect matching of the amplitude profiles coming from the various beams, and can be used with almost optimum coupling efficiency over a broad optical bandpass (typically an octave). They then appear to greatly enhance the feasibility of high-dynamic interferometric coronagraphs.

FLUOR fibered instrument at the IOTA interferometer

The FLUOR project started in 1991 with a prototype fiber recombination unit that transformed a pair of independent 80 cm telescopes into a stellar interferometer. An improved version of this unit is now used as part of the instrumentation at the IOTA interferometer on Mt Hopkins (Arizona). The system is based on fluoride glass single-mode waveguides (non polarization-preserving) for observations at infrared wavelengths between 2 and 2.4 μm. A triple coupler performs the coherent recombination of the beams and extracts two calibration signals. A passive polarization control is sufficient to maintain the interferornetric efficiency above 80 %, with variations of the order of a few percents from one night to the next. The combination FLUOR/JOTA now routinely provides stellar interferograms on baselines ranging between 5 and 38 m, with an accuracy of 1 % or better in the fringe visibility measurements.

Degraded light coupling into single-mode fibers

Because they have demonstrated very high visibility accuracies and have greatly simplified conventional interferometric recombination devices, single-mode fibers are being seriously considered in several optical interferometry projects. This paper deals with light coupling into single-mode fibers. An analytical expression of the coupling efficiency is derived for the monochromatic case. Then, the effect of purely static aberrations is considered. Finally, coupling in the presence of atmospheric turbulence is investigated for long exposure times. Using temporal sequencies of turbulent wavefronts, simulations are performed for a wide range of seeing conditions with both uncorrected turbulence and various levels of correction by an adaptive optics system.

MAFL experiment: development of photonic devices for a space-based multiaperture fiber-linked interferometer.

We present a three-telescope space-based interferometer prototype dedicated to high-resolution imaging. This project, named multiaperture fiber-linked interferometer (MAFL), was founded by the European Space Agency. The aim of the MAFL project is to propose, design, and implement for the first time to the best of our knowledge all the optical functions required for the global instrument on the same integrated optics (IO) component for controlling a three-arm interferometer and to obtain reliable science data. The coherent transport from telescopes to the IO component is achieved by means of highly birefringent optical fiber. The laboratory bench is presented, and the results are reported allowing us to validate the optical potentiality of the IO component in this frame. The validation measurements consist of the throughput of this optical device, the performances of metrological servoloop, and the instrumental contrasts and phase closure of the science fringes.

Multi-axial Nulling Interferometry: Demonstration of deep nulling and investigations of polarization effects.

The ESA-Darwin mission is devoted to direct detection and spectroscopic characterization of earth-like exoplanets in the thermal infrared domain by nulling interferometry in space. This technique yields the rejection of starlight so as to make detectable the faintly emitting planet in the neighborhood. In that context, Alcatel Alenia Space has developed a nulling breadboard for ESA in order to perform the rejection of an unresolved on-axis source. This device, the Multi Aperture Imaging Interferometer (MAII) demonstrated high rejection capability at a relevant level for exoplanets, in single-polarized and mono-chromatic conditions. In this paper we report on our late investigations using the MAII focussed on modal filtering. The dependence of the nulling ratio on the degeneracy of the guided modes in the modal filter is put into evidence.

System assessment study of the ESA Darwin Mission: concepts trade-off and first iteration design on novel Emma arrangement

ESAs Darwin mission is devoted to direct detection and spectroscopic characterisation of Earth-like planets in the thermal infrared domain by nulling interferometry in space. This technique requires deep and stable starlight rejection to an efficiency around 106 over the whole spectral band. Darwin is a major target for Thales Alenia Space, and is considered as a strategic part of its programme roadmap. In this paper we present the main outcomes of the Darwin mission study conducted by Thales Alenia Space from Oct. 2005 to Jul. 2007. Studying this mission in depth, our proposed most promising configuration features spacecraft in non planar arrangement (called Emma). It offers the best science return in terms of number of stars detected and sky accessibility while staying compliant with mass and volume constraints of a single Ariane 5 launch. Our solution dramatically alleviates engineering constraints thanks to a fully non deployable concept. As compared to the more conventional planar arrangement (called Charles), Emma suppresses Single Point Failures and spurious flexible modes, thus maximising both the system reliability and the stability of the dynamical environment. Emma is fully compatible with either 3 or 4 collectors.

Observations of Mira stars with the IOTA/FLUOR interferometer and comparison with Mira star models

We present K-band observations of five Mira stars with the IOTA interferometer. The interferograms were obtained with the FLUOR fiber optics beam combiner which provides high- accuracy visibility measurements in spite of time-variable atmospheric conditions. For the Mira stars X Oph, R Aql, RU Her, R Ser, and V CrB we derived the uniform-disk diameters 11.7 mas, 10.9 mas, 8.4 mas, 8.1 mas, and 7.9 mas (+/- 0.3 mas), respectively. Simultaneous photometric observations yielded the bolometric fluxes. The derived angular Rosseland radii and the bolometric fluxes allowed the determination of effective temperatures. For instance, the effective temperature of R Aql was determined to be 3072 K +/- 161 K. A Rosseland radius for R Aql of 250 R. +/- 63 R. was derived from the angular Rosseland radius of 5.5 mas +/- 0.2 mas and the HIPPARCOS parallax of 4.73 mas +/- 1.19 mas. The observations were compared with theoretical Mira star models (D/P model Rosseland radius equals 255 R.; measured R Aql Rosseland radius equals 250 R. +/- 63 R.).

Infrared single-mode hollow conductive waveguides for stellar interferometry

This paper reports the design, realisation, and characterisation of singlemode hollow conductive waveguides for stellar interferometry. These waveguides are developed in the frame of technological developments for the ESA DARWIN mission, which aims at direct detection of exoplanets and biomarkers on them (proof of life) using nulling interferometry in the 6-20 μm spectral range. The use of singlemode waveguides is mandatory in order to meet DARWIN required performance by achieving a modal filtering better than 10-6. While there is ongoing developments of infrared dielectric fibers or integrated waveguides, both using chalcogenide glasses or silver halide compounds, this paper presents the first realisation and characterisation of singlemode hollow conductive waveguides in the DARWIN spectral range, by means of standard microelectronic and wafer bonding technologies.

Thermal infrared stellar interferometry using single-mode guided optics: first scientific results from the IOTA

We report on first scientific observations of a few bright late type stars by direct long baseline interferometry in the thermal infrared (3.4 to 4.1 microns) obtained with the TISIS (Thermal Infrared Stellar Interferometric Set-up) experiment of the IOTA (Infrared and Optical Telescope Array) interferometer. Beam combination is provided by a single-mode fluoride glass coupler optimized for operation in that wavelength domain and yielding visibility measurements with 2% typical relative accuracy. First precise estimations of uniform disk diameters for (alpha) Orionis, (alpha) Herculis, o Ceti and R Leonis are presented in the L band. Very large increase (50 to 70%) in apparent angular diameters have been found for the 2 Mira stars o Ceti and R Leonis with respect to previous measurements obtained at shorter infrared wavelengths and same luminosity phase. Extended optically thin close-by dust shells characterized by Infrared Spatial Interferometer measurements are not found to play a significant role in the observed L band intensity distribution. Gas properties are likely to have a greater impact at these wavelengths. Our o Ceti interferometric observations look indeed in good agreement with the presence of very extended circumstellar gas layers (mostly H2O and SiO) derived from recent Infrared Space Observatory thermal infrared spectral data.

Multi-axial interferometry: demonstration of deep nulling

The ESA-Darwin mission is devoted to direct detection and spectroscopic characterization of earthlike exoplanets. Starlight rejection is achieved by nulling interferometry from space so as to make detectable the faintly emitting planet in the neighborhood. In that context, Alcatel Alenia Space has developed a nulling breadboard for ESA in order to demonstrate in laboratory conditions the rejection of an on-axis source. This device, the Multi Aperture Imaging Interferometer (MAII) demonstrated high rejection capability at a relevant level for exoplanets, in singlepolarized and mono-chromatic conditions. In this paper we report on the new multi-axial configuration of MAII and we summarize our late nulling results.