D.B. Miller

Measles vaccination as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease.

Measles virus may persist in intestinal tissue, particularly that affected by Crohns disease, and early exposure to measles may be a risk factor for the development of Crohns disease. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis occur in the same families and may share a common aetiology. In view of the rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis), we examined the impact of measles vaccination upon these conditions. Prevalences of Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, and peptic ulceration were determined in 3545 people who had received live measles vaccine in 1964 as part of a measles vaccine trial. A longitudinal birth cohort of 11,407 subjects was one unvaccinated comparison cohort, and 2541 partners of those vaccinated was another. Compared with the birth cohort, the relative risk of developing Crohns disease in the vaccinated group was 3.01 (95% CI 1.45-6.23) and of developing ulcerative colitis was 2.53 (1.15-5.58). There was no significant difference between these two groups in coeliac disease prevalence. Increased prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease, but not coeliac disease or peptic ulceration, was found in the vaccinated cohort compared with their partners. These findings suggest that measles virus may play a part in the development not only of Crohns disease but also of ulcerative colitis.

The Economic Costs of Caring for People with HIV Infection and AIDS in England and Wales

SummaryThe objectives of this study were firstly to estimate total lifetime care costs for an individual with HIV/AIDS, and secondly to estimate the total costs of caring for people with HIV infection and AIDS in England and Wales between 1992 and 1997 inclusive.Questionnaires and monthly diaries were used to collate data on healthcare utilisation from patients with HIV infection over a 6−month period. These data were then used to estimate the annual total direct costs of care (stratified by disease stage), total lifetime costs of care, and present and future total national care costs for England and Wales. Costing data were obtained from providers of services throughout Greater London. In total, 235 patients with HIV infection were recruited from 2 clinics in Greater London. All costs were calculated in 1992-93 pounds sterling (£; £1 =

Inclusive V0 production in pp interactions at 12 GeV/c

US 1.58, December 1995).Annual care costs were estimated at £4515 (

Protocell design through modular compartmentalization

US7134) for a person with asymptomatic HIV disease, £8836 (

Inclusive ϱ0 production in νμp charged current interactions

US13 961) for a person with symptomatic non—AIDS and £15 268 (

Σ+ and Y∗+ (1385) production in line-reversed π+p and K−p reactions at 7 GeV/c

US24 123) for a person with AIDS. Lifetime care costs were estimated at £84 522 (

Polarization of Λ hyperons produced inclusively inv p and\(\bar v\)p charged current interactions

US 133 545) per patient. The total costs of care for England and Wales were forecast to increase from £116,627,400 (

A study of the reaction K+n → K+π−p at 2–3 GeV/c

USI84 271300) in 1992 to £162,638,100 (

Late diagnosis of HIV infection in children causes distress

US256 968 200) in 1997.In conclusion, our study further emphasises the continued shift in hospital services from the inpatient sector to the outpatient sector. The importance of community care and informal care, in terms of the associated direct economic costs, is also highlighted. This emphasises the need for close collaboration between different agencies and strategic coordination of services. Finally, the study forecasts an increase in care costs in England and Wales during the 1990s.

A study of K+n charge exchange at 2–3 GeV/c

Results are presented on the inclusive reactions pp → K0X, pp → ΛX and pp → ΛX at an incident antiproton momentum of 12 GeV/c in BEBC. The cross sections are studied as functions of the Feynman scaling variable x, the rapidity, the transverse momentum of the V0 and the missing mass squared. The dependence of the Λ and Λ polarization on x are also studied. Comparisons with proton-proton data at 12 GeV/c are also made. Finally, events with two detected V0 are analyzed in order to study correlations arising from the production of two strange neutral particles.