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Featured researches published by D. Le Bars.


Brain Research | 1975

Depressive effects of morphine upon lamina V cells activities in the dorsal horn of the spinal cat.

D. Le Bars; D. Mene´trey; C. Conseiller; J.M. Besson

The effects of morphine upon the transmission of nociceptive messages at the spinal level have been investigated in spinal cats by studying its effects on the activities of lamina V dorsal horn interneurons. Morphine (2 mg/kg i.v.) induced a direct depressive action at the spinal level, since it strongly reduced both spontaneous and evoked activities of lamina V cells. The spontaneous firing rate and the responses elicited by natural nociceptive stimulation were decreased by 50%. The responses of these units evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulation were reduced to 67% of their initial value; in this case, the depressive effect was much more prominent on the late component of the long duration responses. The observed depressive effects are specific since they are immediately reversed by administration of opiate antagonists (nalorphine or naloxone).


Brain Research | 1976

Differential effects of morphine on responses of dorsal horn lamina V type cells elicited by A and C fibre stimulation in the spinal cat.

D. Le Bars; G. Guilbaud; I. Jurna; J.M. Besson

Several studies have suggested that morphine could depress the spinal transmission of nociceptive messages by increasing inhibitory influences of brain stem origin (see ref. in ref. 15). A direct effect of this drug at the spinal level has also been clearly demonstrated. Indeed, in spinal preparations, morphine strongly depresses various reflexes (see ref. in ref. 14), various responses of dorsal horn interneurones4,5,13,14,21 and activities of the ventrolateral tract 9. In previous studies performed on lamina V type cells of the spinal cat, we found that morphine 14 and phenoperidine 1 substantially depressed both spontaneous and evoked activities induced by cutaneous nociceptive stimuli while responses induced by weak stimuli were unaffected. Knowing that lamina V type ceils could play an important role in the transmission of nociceptive messages (see ref. in ref. 14), it was thus suggested that these depressive effects could, to some extent, explain the analgesic properties of morphine. The dissociative effects observed on responses to innocuous and nocuous stimuli needed more classification; hence, the aim of the present study was to specify the effects of morphine upon responses elicited by the stimulation of large and small diameter afferent fibres on individual convergent dorsal horn units. This study was performed on l0 cats. Under halothane anaesthesia, they were immobilized by gallamine triethiodide, artificially ventilated and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. The carotid arteries were ligated and spinal transection was performed at Cx. The anaesthesia was then withdrawn. Control of physiological parameters, lumbar laminectomy, extracellular recordings and localization of recording sites by extracellular injection of pontamine blue (Fig. I A) were performed as previously described 14. The sural nerve was mounted on electrodes for stimulation and recording in a paraffin oil pool; all other nerves of the limb were cut. Cells were characterized according to their responses to sural nerve stimulation s,19 and to the properties of


Brain Research | 1976

Effects of morphine upon the lamina V type cells activities in the dorsal horn of the decerebrate cat.

D. Le Bars; Daniel Menétrey; Jean-Marie Besson

The effects of morphine (2 mg/kg i.v.) upon the transmission of nociceptive messages at the spinal level have investigated in decerebrate cats by studying its effects on the activities of lamina V dorsal horn interneurons. In contrast to previous results obtained on the spinal cat, morphine had little or no effects on lamina V type cells in the decerebrate preparation. The mean values for spontaneous activity and responses to natural noxious stimulation were practically identical before and after morphine administration. Moreover, no significant depressive effect was found on responses induced by supramaximal transcutaneous stimulation. However, for this type of activity a depressive effect was revealed, if only the late component of units which presented bimodal responses were considered. We were unable to demonstrate after morphine administration an increase of the descending inhibitory effects induced on lamina V cells by stimulation of the central inferior nucleus of the raphe. Additional experiments using reversible spinalization (by cooling the cord at the thoracic level) suggest that the lack of effect of morphine on decerebrate animals could be explained by the fact that in this preparation, descending inhibitory influences are strongly exacerbated and thus may mask the depressive effects of this drug. These results indicate that the direct electrophysiological evidence of an increase of the descending control systems after morphine administration must be performed in the intact preparation in order to avoid the effects ot their exacerbation in the decerebrate state.


Brain Research | 1984

Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC): evidence for post-synaptic inhibition of trigeminal nucleus caudalis convergent neurones

Luis Villanueva; S.W. Cadden; D. Le Bars

Activity produced by direct microelectrophoretic application of glutamate onto 19 convergent neurones in trigeminal nucleus caudalis, was strongly depressed during and after the application of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimuli: noxious heat (52 degrees C) applied to the tail, noxious pinches applied to the tail or hindpaws and intraperitoneal injections of bradykinin produced mean reductions in activity of 80-90%. The same noxious conditioning stimuli had no effect on the activities of any of 5 noxious-only or 5-non-noxious-only neurones. These effects were similar to those previously reported to influence peripherally evoked activities of nucleus caudalis convergent neurones and which have been termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). It is therefore proposed that DNIC act on nucleus caudalis convergent neurones by a final post-synaptic inhibitory mechanism involving hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane. Consistent with this hypothesis, it was also found that the noxious conditioning stimuli could restore firing of convergent neurones which had been excessively depolarised by large doses of glutamate.


Douleur Et Analgesie | 2003

Relations entre pathologies psychiatriques et douleur: une approche chez l’animal?

J. André; Ch. Becker; B. Zeau; D. Le Bars; Michel Hamon; F. Cesselin; J. J. Benolil

RésuméSi aucune thérapeutique antalgique de conception nouvelle n’est apparue depuis 50 ans, c’est peut-être parce que l’étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques des douleurs n’a pas suffisamment pris en compte leur versant émotionnel, pourtant indissociablement lié à leur composante sensorielle. Malgré de nombreuses données laissant à penser que la plainte douloureuse est accrue chez des patients anxieux ou dépressifs. les mécanismes sous-jacents aux liens entre douleurs et dépression ou anxiété ont été, jusqu’à présent, très peu étudiés. Notre objectif est donc d’induire chez l’animal des symptômes proches de ceux qui sont rencontrés chez l’homme dans la dépression ou l’anxiété pour en rechercher les éventuels retentissements sur la «perception» de la douleur. Dans cette optique, nous avons développé un modèle original de stress social, fondé sur la peur anticipatoire qui provoque des comportements de type «anxieux» (émission d’ultrasons, immobilité, postures de soumission…) et une diminution de la consommation d’eau sucrée, interprétée comme une anhédonie pouvant mimer celle des patients dépressifs. Les répercussions de ce stress ont été examinées à la suite d’une stimulation nociceptive prolongée provoquée par l’injection de formol (5%, 50μl s.c.). Les animaux soumis au protocole de stress social présentent des signes de «douleur» significativement plus élevés que ceux qui sont observés chez les animaux témoins. Ainsi, ce modèle animal est capable de mimer l’hyperalgésie induite par «l’anxiété». II pourrait s’agir du premier paradigme expérimental permettant d’aborder chez l’animal les relations entre «anxiété» ou «dépresion» et douleurs, et donc, d’étudier les mécanismes qui les sous-tendent. Cette nouvelle approche devrait contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des systèmes neuronaux impliqués dans ces mécanismes, et pourrait conduire à de nouvelles pistes, jusqu’à présent peu explorées, pour la thérapeutique anti-douleur.SummaryIt is very possible that no analgesic therapeutics of new conception appeared since 50 years because the study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of pain did not take into account its emotional component. And yet the emotional component is inseparably bound to the sensory component of pain. Numerous data suggest that pain complaints are highly prevalent among anxious or depressive patients. Until now however, very few studies were published on the mechanisms underlying the links between pain and depression or anxiety. Our objective was to elicit in animal symptoms close to depression observed in man, with the aim of studying their impact on pain «perception». In this perspective, we developed an original model of social stress, based on anticipatory fear. The later provokes both «anxious» type (ultrasound vocalisation, immobility, submission positions…) and anhedonic (decrease of sweet water consumption) behaviours. The repercussions of such stress were examined on the behaviour triggered by a prolonged painful stimulation (s.c. injection of 50 μl formalin 5%). Animals subjected to the protocol of social stress presented significantly more pain signs than the controls. We thus described the first animal model of anxiety-induced hyperalgesia. If this behavioural model is indeed a paradigm allowing approaching the relationship between «anxiety» or «depression» and pain, then it will allow studying the underlying mechanisms. This approach would seem to contribute to a better understanding of neuronal systems involved in these mechanisms, and then to lead to new therapeutic approaches.


EMC - Kinesiterapia - Medicina Física | 2018

Fisiología del dolor

Léon Plaghki; André Mouraux; D. Le Bars

Los conocimientos sobre la fisiologia del dolor han progresado de forma notable en las ultimas decadas y, en particular, en los campos de la biologia molecular y de la neuroimagen funcional (electroencefalografia y resonancia magnetica). Se tratara de sintetizar estas nuevas adquisiciones, aunque sin dejar de lado los fundamentos de la fisiologia y asi tomar sus datos mas solidos. Cabe senalar que la traduccion en medios terapeuticos de estos nuevos conocimientos, a menudo adquiridos con modelos animales, sigue siendo decepcionante. En la primera parte se analizaran los medios de exploracion del sistema del dolor en el ser humano y en el animal. En la segunda se presentaran los mecanismos perifericos del sistema nociceptivo y sus profundas transformaciones con la inflamacion. En la tercera parte se consideraran los mecanismos espinales en condicion fisiologica e inflamatoria. Las recientes contribuciones de la neuroimagen exigen el desarrollo de un paragrafo adicional para describir los mecanismos cerebrales implicados en el dolor. Se evaluara la especificidad de una red de estructuras cerebrales implicada en la percepcion del dolor. Un quinto y ultimo paragrafo esta dedicado a los mecanismos de control de la actividad espinal nociceptiva, con especial atencion al paradigma de modulacion que condiciona el dolor. Este articulo se completa con anexos centrados en temas especificos como la analgesia por estimulacion somatosensorial, las tecnicas de neuroimagen funcional, el concepto de «matriz del dolor» y la clasificacion mecanicista de los sindromes dolorosos.


Archive | 2016

Pain and thermoregulation. The rostral ventromedial medulla

N. El Bitar; D. Le Bars

RésuméLa queue et les pattes postérieures des rongeurs sont à la fois des organes cibles très utilisés pour effectuer des tests dans les modèles de douleur aiguë ou chronique et essentiels pour leur thermorégulation. Ces tests doivent être conduits dans des conditions stables de thermoneutralité. On observe dans ces conditions des fluctuations cycliques de la vasomotricité des pattes et de la queue. Quand, au cours d’un cycle, la température centrale (Tc) est suffisamment basse, une activation sympathique est déclenchée, ce qui conduit à une augmentation de la pression artérielle, immédiatement suivie par une augmentation de la fréquence cardiaque (HR) et une vasoconstriction de la queue et des pattes postérieures. Il en résulte une diminution de la déperdition de chaleur et une augmentation de la Tc. Cette augmentation se poursuit jusqu’au moment où la Tc est suffisamment élevée pour déclencher le phénomène inverse, ce qui boucle le cycle, réitéré trois à sept fois par heure. Ces variations ne dépassent pas quelques dixièmes de degré. Elles sont corrélées avec les activités des neurones de la région bulbaire rostroventrale, région présumée contrôler la transmission spinale des informations nociceptives. Quand la limite inférieure de Tc d’un cycle est atteinte, les cellules « on » sont inhibées puis les cellules « off » activées, de façon concomitante à l’augmentation de pression artérielle et de HR. La vasoconstriction de la queue suit invariablement dans les trois minutes, souvent complétée par une vasoconstriction des pattes postérieures. Il en résulte une diminution de la déperdition thermique et une augmentation de la Tc. Lorsque l’augmentation de la Tc atteint quelques dixièmes de degré, les variations inverses se produisent, bouclant le cycle lui-même réitéré trois à sept fois par heure. Les activités des cellules « on » et « off » sont donc corrélées à l’inhibition et à l’activation du système sympathique, respectivement. L’ordre chronologique des variations est le suivant:Tc→cellule « on »→cellule « off »~pression artérielle → HR → température cutanée → Tc. Un blocage fonctionnel de cette région cérébrale entraîne une vasodilatation des pattes et de la queue et une augmentation de leur température cutanée. Si l’on applique un stimulus nociceptif thermique sur la peau de l’animal à ce moment, le temps de sa réaction réflexe chute, une observation généralement interprétée comme témoin d’une hyperalgésie, mais qui n’est en réalité qu’un biais secondaire à la variation de la température cutanée. En outre, la délimitation anatomique précise de la région impliquée dans la vasomotricité correspond très exactement à celle qui contient les neurones dits « on » et « off », activés et inhibés par stimulation nociceptive, dont on a fait le pivot du contrôle de la transmission spinale des messages nociceptifs. Ce rôle doit être réévalué dans un cadre plus vaste incluant le système nerveux végétatif.AbstractThe tail and paws of rodents are the chief target organs used in acute or chronic models of pain. But they are also involved in thermoregulation. Obviously, the behavioral nociceptive tests must be performed in stable conditions of thermoneutrality. In such conditions, however, one observes cyclic fluctuations of the vasomotricity of tail and paws. When, during a cycle, the central temperature is low enough, a sympathetic activation is triggered that elicits an increase of blood pressure, immediately followed by an increase of heart rate, and a vasoconstriction of the tail and paws. This produces a drop in heat loss that elicits an increase of the central temperature. Such an increase continues till the central temperature is sufficiently raised to activate the inverse phenomenon, which buckles the cycle. These variations do not exceed a few tenth of degree and are reiterated 3–7 times per hour. They are correlated to the firing of neurons of the rostral ventro-medial medulla (RVM), presumably controlling the spinal transmission of the nociceptive information. When the lower limit of central temperature of a cycle is reached, on-cells are inhibited, then the off-cells are activated concomitantly with the increase of blood pressure and heart rate. The vasoconstriction of the tail follows invariably within 3 min, often completed by a vasoconstriction of the paws. This results in the decrease of thermal loss, thus increasing the central temperature. When the central temperature increase reaches a few tenths of degrees, the inverse variations occur completing the cycle, itself repeated 3–7 times per hour. The activities of on- and off-cells are thus correlated to the inhibition and activation of the sympathetic system, respectively. The chronological order of the variations is as follows: central temperature → oncells→ off-cells→blood pressure→heart rate→skin temperature→ central temperature. A functional blockade of the RVMelicits the vasodilatation of tail and paws that increases their epidermic temperature. If one applies a nociceptive thermal stimulus to the skin of the animal at this very moment, then its reflex reaction time falls, an observation generally interpreted as resulting from hyperalgesia, but is actually a bias, secondary to the variation of the superficial temperature. The precise anatomical demarcation of the brain region involved in vasomotricity corresponds exactly to those containing the on- and off-cells, activated and inhibited by nociceptive stimulation, respectively, believed to control the spinal transmission of nociceptive messages. This role must be revalued in a larger framework including the autonomic nervous system.


Douleur Et Analgesie | 2001

Regard critique sur les modèles animaux de douleur aiguë

D. Le Bars

RésuméLes modèles de douleur aiguë utilisés chez l’animal d’expérience au cours des études précliniques et dans la recherche «fondamentale» sont analysés de façon critique. Les rapports entre tests de douleur aiguë et motricité sont abordés sous différents angles, notamment l’influence que les ajustements posturaux de l’animal exercent sur une réponse motrice des membres et la signification des réflexes de flexion et d’extension. Il est souligné que les réflexes de flexion ne sont pas tous nociceptifs. Comme la plupart des tests ne permettent qu’une mesure de seuil alors que la douleur clinique en est toujours éloignée lorsque le médecin doit la prendre en charge, le problème de leur sensibilité se trouve posé. Certaines questions sont plus particulièrement développées, notamment (1) la signification des mesures de «latence» lorsque le stimulus est croissant et (2) la nature des fibres à l’origine de la réaction observée qui pourrait être différente selon que l’on stimule un territoire sain ou enflammé. La prédictivité de ces tests sur le plan clinique est passée en revue avec quelques exemples. Puis les facteurs pouvant perturber la mesure des réponses comportementales de l’animal sont analysés, notamment les interactions entre stimulus hétérotopiques, les facteurs environnementaux et les fonctions psychophysiologiques et psychologiques intercurrentes (phénomènes subjectifs «indésirables», phénomènes d’apprentissage). Les fonctions physiologiques intercurrentes (thermorégulation, vasomotricité, pression artérielle) sont plus particulièrement commentées. Ces dernières considérations invitent à replacer la nociception dans un cadre homéostatique plus vaste qui, outre la douleur, inclue d’autres fonctions comme l’anxiété et les fonctions végétatives. Enfin, la validité de certaines méthodes d’analyse des résultats est analysée.SummaryThe animal models of acute pain used in preclinical studies and «fundamental» research are analysed critically. We review the relationship between tests of acute pain and motor activity from a number of viewpoints; in particular we consider the influence which postural adjustments of the animal may exert on motor responses in the limbs and the significance of the flexor and extensor reflexes. It is emphasised that not all flexion reflexes are nociceptive. Since the majority of tests permit only a measurement of threshold, whereas clinical pain almost always lasts until the doctor deals with it, the problem of their sensitivity is put forward. Several questions are more particularly developed, namely (1) what significance do measurements of «latency» have when a stimulus is increasing; (2) what type(s) of fibres underlie the observed responses and might these be different depending on whether one is stimulating a healthy or an inflamed tissue. The predictivity of tests is illustrated with examples. Then, we review those factors which may distort behavioural measurements in animals, notably—interactions between heterotopics stimuli, environmental factors and related psychophysiological/psychological considerations (subjectively «undesirable» phenomena, learning phenomena). We pay particular attention to related physiological functions (thermoregulation, vasomotricity and blood pressure). These considerations lead us to re-position nociception within a much larger homeostatic framework which in addition to pain, includes phenomena such as anxiety and vegetative functions. Finally, we questioned the validity are some methods of analysing the results.


Brain Research | 1974

Further evidence for postsynaptic inhibitions on lamina V dorsal horn interneurons

Jean-Marie Besson; R.F.H. Catchlove; P. Feltz; D. Le Bars


Douleur Et Analgesie | 2012

Quelle est la validité conceptuelle des tests et modèles animaux de douleurs

D. Le Bars; Bernard Pollin; Léon Plaghki

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Léon Plaghki

Université catholique de Louvain

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André Mouraux

Université catholique de Louvain

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Neurosciences Paris-Seine

Centre national de la recherche scientifique

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