D. Lo Coco

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in ALS: Predictors of tolerance and survival

Objective: To identify factors associated with tolerance and survival after noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and to investigate the influence of NIPPV on lung function in patients with ALS. Methods: NIPPV was offered to 71 patients with ALS in accordance with currently published guidelines. Effects of NIPPV on lung function and factors influencing tolerance and survival after NIPPV were studied. Results: Forty-four patients (61.9%; 95% CI: 50.6 to 73.2) tolerated NIPPV (NIPPV use ≥4 h/day) and 27 (38.1%; 95% CI: 26.8 to 49.4) were intolerant (NIPPV use <4 h/day). Patients with mild or moderate bulbar symptoms were more likely to tolerate NIPPV than those with severe impairment (odds ratio = 6.09, 95% CI: 1.18 to 31.52, p = 0.031). After NIPPV introduction, a slower decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) was observed in tolerant vs intolerant patients (p = 0.002). The slope of FVC decline after NIPPV initiation (risk ratio [RR]: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.94, p = 0.01) together with NIPPV tolerance (RR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.78, p = 0.013) were the only independent predictors of survival in the overall group of patients. In multivariate analysis, body mass index was the most powerful predictor of longer survival after NIPPV in tolerant patients (RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.96, p = 0.022). Conclusion: Survival after noninvasive ventilation was independently related to ventilatory use (≥4 h/day) and to the modifications of forced vital capacity decline after treatment initiation. The severity of bulbar impairment and the nutritional status of the ALS patients at the introduction of ventilation may predict tolerance and survival.

Activation of the p38MAPK cascade is associated with upregulation of TNF alpha receptors in the spinal motor neurons of mouse models of familial ALS

Phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), but not activated c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), increases in the motor neurons of transgenic mice overexpressing ALS-linked SOD1 mutants at different stages of the disease. This effect is associated with a selective increase of phosphorylated MKK3-6, MKK4 and ASK1 and a concomitant upregulation of the TNFalpha receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2), but not IL1beta and Fas receptors. Activation of both p38 MAPK and JNK occurs in the activated microglial cells of SOD1 mutant mice at the advanced stage of the disease; however, this effect is not accompanied by the concomitant activation of the upstream kinases ASK1 and MKK3,4,6, while both the TNFRs are overexpressed in these cells. No changes of the upstream p38MAPK cascade kinases or TNFRs occur in reactive astrocytes. These findings highlight the activation of a selective intracellular signaling pathway in the motor neurons of SOD1 mutant mice, which is likely implicated in their death.

Fatigue, sleep, and nocturnal complaints in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background and purpose:  Fatigue is a common symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although sleep disturbances are a candidate factor that may interfere with fatigue in patients with ALS, the role of sleep‐related abnormalities in determining fatigue in ALS is unknown.

Inter- and intracellular signaling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

The pathogenetic processes underlying the selective motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are complex and still not completely understood even in the cases of inherited disease caused by mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-dependent (SOD1) gene. Recent evidence supports the view that ALS is not a cell-autonomous disease and that glial-neuron cross-talk, throughout cytokines and other toxic factors like the nitric oxide and superoxide, is a crucial determinant for the induction of motor neuron death. This cell-cell interaction may determine the progression of the disease through processes that are likely independent of the initial trigger and that may converge on the activation of intracellular death pathways in the motor neurons. In this review we provide support to the hypothesis that aberrant expression and activity of p38 mitogen protein-activated kinases cascade (p38MAPK) in motor neurons and glial cells may play a role in the development and progression of ALS. Increased activation of p38MAPK may phosphorylate neuron-specific substrates altering their physiological properties and it may turn on responsive genes leading to neurotoxicity.

Autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia: report of a large italian family with R581X spastin mutation

We describe a large kindred with a typical pure form of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (ADHSP). On the basis of maximum LOD score of 1.94 at theta (max)=0 with marker D2S367, we obtained suggestive evidence for linkage of ADHSP to SPG4 locus. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequence analysis allowed us to identify a nonsense mutation (1741* C>T) in exon 17 of the Spastin gene. This transition, carried by all the affected family members and two apparently healthy individuals, lead to truncation of the last 36 amino acids in the C-terminus of the protein. These results confirm the existence of mutation in the SPG4 gene with a reduced penetrance, indicating that other genetic or environmental factors are required to trigger full-blown disease.SommarioLe paraparesi spastiche ereditarie (HSP) rappresentano un gruppo clinicamente e geneticamente eterogeneo di malattie neurodegenerative, caratterizzate da progressiva spasticità ed iperreflessia crurale. La maggior parte delle HSP (70%–80%) presenta una trasmissione di tipo autosomico dominante ed è principalmente determinata da mutazioni nel gene della Spastina (SPG4) che codifica una proteina appartenente alla famiglia delle AAA (Adenosine triphosphatases Associated with diverse cellular Activities). In questo studio descriviamo una famiglia con una forma autosomica dominante di paraparesi spastica ereditaria, clinicamente non complicata. Mediante analisi di linkage è stata individuata un associazione con il locus SPG4. La DHPLC e il sequenziamento diretto hanno permesso l’individuazione di una mutazione nonsense (1741* C>T) nell’esone17 del gene della Spastina. Questa transizione, presente in tutti gli individui affetti della famiglia e in due soggetti clinicamente sani, porta alla formazione di una proteina priva degli ultimi 36 aminoacidi dell’estremità C-terminale. Questi risultati confermano l’esistenza di mutazioni del gene SPG4 con penetranza incompleta che in aggiunta ad altri fattori, genetici e non genetici, possono portare alla genesi del fenotipo clinico.

REM sleep behavior disorder and periodic leg movements during sleep in ALS

To assess sleep characteristics and the occurrence of abnormal muscle activity during sleep, such as REM sleep without atonia (RSWA), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS), in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

MARITAL STATUS IS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR IN AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

Several variables have been linked to a shorter survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), for example, female sex, older age, site of disease onset, rapid disease progression, and a relatively short diagnostic delay. With regard to marital status, previous studies suggested that living with a partner might be associated to a longer survival and a higher likelihood to proceed to tracheostomy. Therefore, to further strengthen this hypothesis, we investigated the role of marital status as a prognostic variable in a cohort of ALS patients.

Bulbar-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a patient with Chiari I malformation

We report on a patient with bulbar‐onset, clinically defined, sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who also showed a Chiari I malformation. This malformation, otherwise asymptomatic, was detected during the diagnostic work‐up for ALS. To our knowledge this is the first report of an association between these two relatively uncommon disorders. Since our patient worked for many years as a bus‐driver and because the ALS symptoms began in the brainstem region, we suggest that his hindbrain anomaly, along with the mechanical stress on the spine and cranio–vertebral junction due to the daily driving, might have played a role in the region‐specific onset of ALS.

Rem and non-rem sleep disorders in corticobasal degeneration

cancelled