Dafne Guetta

GRB 090423 at a redshift of z ≈ 8.1

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by rare types of massive stellar explosion. Their rapidly fading afterglows are often bright enough at optical wavelengths that they are detectable at cosmological distances. Hitherto, the highest known redshift for a GRB was z = 6.7 (ref. 1), for GRB 080913, and for a galaxy was z = 6.96 (ref. 2). Here we report observations of GRB 090423 and the near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of its redshift, z = . This burst happened when the Universe was only about 4 per cent of its current age. Its properties are similar to those of GRBs observed at low/intermediate redshifts, suggesting that the mechanisms and progenitors that gave rise to this burst about 600,000,000 years after the Big Bang are not markedly different from those producing GRBs about 10,000,000,000 years later.

REM observations of GRB 060418 and GRB 060607A: the onset of the afterglow and the initial fireball Lorentz factor determination

Context. Gamma-ray burst (GRB) emission is believed to originate in highly relativistic fireballs. Aims. Currently, only lower limits were securely set to the initia l fireball Lorentz factor 0. We aim to provide a direct measure of 0. Methods. The early-time afterglow light curve carries information about 0, which determines the time of the afterglow peak. We have obtained early observations of the near-infrared afte rglows of GRB 060418 and GRB 060607A with the REM robotic telescope. Results. For both events, the afterglow peak could be clearly singled out, allowing a firm determination of the fireball Lorentz of 0∼ 400, fully confirming the highly relativistic nature of GRB fi reballs. The deceleration radius was inferred to be Rdec≈ 10 17 cm. This is much larger than the internal shocks radius (believed to power the prompt emission), thus providing further evidence for a different origin of the prompt and afterglow stages of the GRB.E. Molinari, S.D. Vergani , D. Malesani , S. Covino, P. D’Avanzo, G. Chincarini , F.M. Zerbi, L.A. Antonelli, P. Conconi , V. Testa, G. Tosti , F. Vitali, F. D’Alessio, G. Malaspina, L. Nicastro, E. Palazzi , D. Guetta, S. Campana , P. Goldoni , N. Masetti , E.J.A. Meurs, A. Monfardini, L. Norci, E. Pian, S. Piranomonte , D. Rizzuto, M. Stefanon, L. Stella, G. Tagliaferri , P.A. Ward, G. Ihle, L. Gonzalez, A. Pizarro, P. Sinclair, J. Valenzuela 15

The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long‐Duration Gamma‐Ray Bursts

The realization that the total energy of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is correlated with their jet break angles motivates the search for a similar relation between the peak luminosity L and the jet break angles, L ∝ θ-2. Such a relation implies that the GRB luminosity function determines the angular distribution. We rederive the GRB luminosity function using the BATSE peak flux distribution and compare the predicted distribution with the observed redshift distribution. The luminosity function can be approximated by a broken power law with a break peak luminosity of 4.4 × 1051 ergs s-1, a typical jet angle of 0.12 rad, and a local GRB rate of 0.44 h Gpc-3 yr-1. The angular distribution implied by L ∝ θ-2 agrees well with the observed one and implies a correction factor to the local rate due to beaming of 75 ± 25 (instead of 500, as commonly used). The inferred overall local GRB rate is 33 ± 11 h Gpc-3 yr-1. The luminosity function and angle distribution obtained within the universal structured jet model, where the angular distribution is essentially ∝θ and hence the luminosity function must be ∝L-2, deviate from the observations at low peak fluxes and, correspondingly, at large angles. The corresponding correction factor for the universal structure jet is ~20 ± 10.

Neutrinos from individual gamma-ray bursts in the BATSE catalog

Abstract We estimate the neutrino emission from individual γ-ray bursts observed by the BATSE detector on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. Neutrinos are produced by photoproduction of pions when protons interact with photons in the region where the kinetic energy of the relativistic fireball is dissipated allowing the acceleration of electrons and protons. We also consider models where neutrinos are predominantly produced on the radiation surrounding the newly formed black hole. From the observed redshift and photon flux of each individual burst, we compute the neutrino flux in a variety of models based on the assumption that equal kinetic energy is dissipated into electrons and protons. Where not measured, the redshift is estimated by other methods. Unlike previous calculations of the universal diffuse neutrino flux produced by all γ-ray bursts, the individual fluxes (compiled at http://www.arcetri.astro.it/~dafne/grb/ ) can be directly compared with coincident observations by the AMANDA telescope at the South Pole. Because of its large statistics, our predictions are likely to be representative for future observations with larger neutrino telescopes.

GRB 050904 at redshift 6.3: observations of the oldest cosmic explosion after the Big Bang ⋆

We present optical and near-infrared observations of the afterglow of the gamma-ray burst GRB 050904. We derive a photometric redshift z = 6.3, estimated from the presence of the Lyman break falling between the I and J filters. This is by far the most distant GRB known to date. Its isotropic-equivalent energy is 3.4 × 10 53 erg in the rest-frame 110−1100 keV energy band. Despite the high redshift, both the prompt and the afterglow emission are not peculiar with respect to other GRBs. We find a break in the J-band light curve at tb = 2.6 ± 1.0 d (observer frame). If we assume this is the jet break, we derive a beaming-corrected energy Eγ ∼ (4 ÷ 12) × 10 51 erg. This limit shows that GRB 050904 is consistent with the Amati and Ghirlanda relations. This detection is consistent with the expected number of GRBs at z > 6 and shows that GRBs are a powerful tool to study the star formation history up to very high redshift.

Gamma-ray bursts afterglows with energy injection from a spinning down neutron star

Aims. We investigate a model for the shallow decay phases of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows discovered by Swift/XRT in the first hours following a GRB event. In the context of the fireball scenario, we consider the possibility that long-lived energy injection from a millisecond spinning, ultramagnetic neutron star (magnetar) powers afterglow emission during this phase. Methods. We consider the energy evolution in a relativistic shock that is subject to both radiative losses and energy injection from a spinning down magnetar in spherical symmetry. We model the energy injection term through magnetic dipole losses and discuss an approximate treatment for the dynamical evolution of the blastwave. We obtain an analytic solution for the energy evolution in the shock and associated lightcurves. To fully illustrate the potential of our solution we calculate lightcurves for a few selected X-ray afterglows observed by Swift and fit them using our theoretical lightcurves. Results. Our solution naturally describes in a single picture the properties of the shallow decay phase and the transition to the socalled normal decay phase. In particular, we obtain remarkably good fits to X-ray afterglows for plausible parameters of the magnetar. Even though approximate, our treatment provides a step forward with respect to previously adopted approximations and provides additional support of the idea that a millisecond spinning (1–3 ms), ultramagnetic (B ∼ 10 14 −10 15 G) neutron star loosing spin energy

The Swift short gamma-ray burst rate density: implications for binary neutron star merger rates

Short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) observed by Swift potentially reveal the first insight into cataclysmic compact object mergers. To ultimately acquire a fundamental understanding of these events requires pan-spectral observations and knowledge of their spatial distribution to differentiate between proposed progenitor populations. Up to 2012 April, there are only some 30 per cent of SGRBs with reasonably firm redshifts, and this sample is highly biased by the limited sensitivity of Swift to detect SGRBs. We account for the dominant biases to calculate a realistic SGRB rate density out to z ≈ 0.5 using the Swift sample of peak fluxes, redshifts and those SGRBs with a beaming angle constraint from X-ray/optical observations. We find an SGRB lower rate density of 8 +5 −3 Gpc

Neutrino flux predictions for known galactic microquasars

It has been proposed recently that Galactic microquasars may be prodigious emitters of TeV neutrinos that can be detected by upcoming km^2 neutrino telescopes. In this paper we consider a sample of identified microquasars and microquasar candiates, for which available data enables rough determination of the jet parameters. By employing the parameters inferred from radio observations of various jet ejection events, we determine the neutrino fluxes that should have been produced during these events by photopion production in the jet. Despite the large uncertainties in our analysis, we demonstrate that in several of the sources considered, the neutrino flux at Earth, produced in events similar to those observed, would exceed the detection threshold of a km^2 neutrino detector. The class of microquasars may contain also sources with bulk Lorentz factors larger than those characteristic of the sample considered here, directed along our line of sight. Such sources, which may be very difficult to resolve at radio wavelengths and hence may be difficult to identify as microqusar candidates, may emit neutrinos with fluxes significantly larger than typically obtained in the present analysis. These sources may eventually be identified through their neutrino and gamma-ray emission.

HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION FROM THE PROMPT GAMMA-RAY BURST

We study the synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission from internal shocks that are responsible for the prompt gamma-ray emission in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and consider the relation between these two components, taking into account the high-energy cutoff due to pair production and Thomson scattering. We find that in order for the peak energy of the synchrotron to be Ep ~ 300 keV with a variability time tv 1 ms, a Lorentz factor of Γ 200 is needed, implying no high-energy emission above ~30 MeV and the synchrotron component dominating at all energies. If we want both Ep ~ 300 keV and prompt high-energy emission up to ~2 GeV, as detected by EGRET for GRB 940217, we need Γ ~ 600 and tv ~ 0.1 ms, which might be resolved by Super Agile. If such prompt high-energy emission is common in GRBs, as may be tested by the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), then for tv 1 ms, we need Γ 350, which implies Ep 100 keV. Therefore, if X-ray flashes are GRBs with high values of tv and Γ, they should produce 1 GeV emission. For an electron power-law index p > 2, the SSC component dominates the emission above ~100 MeV. Future observations by GLAST may help determine the value of p and whether the high-energy emission is consistent with a single power law (implying that one component, the synchrotron, is dominant) or has a break where the νFν slope turns from negative to positive, which implies that the SSC component becomes dominant above ~100 MeV. The high-energy emission is expected to show similar variability and time structure to that of the soft gamma-ray emission. Finally, we find that in order to see delayed high-energy emission from the prompt GRB due to pair production with the cosmic IR background, extremely small intergalactic magnetic fields (10-22 G) are required.

High-energy Emission Components in the Short GRB 090510

We investigate the origin of the prompt and delayed emission observed in the short GRB 090510. We use the broadband data to test whether the most popular theoretical models for gamma-ray burst emission can accommodate the observations for this burst. We first attempt to explain the soft-to-hard spectral evolution associated with the delayed onset of a GeV tail with the hypothesis that the prompt burst and the high-energy tail both originate from a single process, namely, synchrotron emission from internal shocks (IS). Considerations on the compactness of the source imply that the high-energy tail should be produced in a late-emitted shell, characterized by a Lorentz factor greater than the one generating the prompt burst. However, in this hypothesis, the predicted evolution of the synchrotron peak frequency does not agree with the observed soft-to-hard evolution. Given the difficulties of a single-mechanism hypothesis, we test two alternative double-component scenarios. In the first, the prompt burst is explained as synchrotron radiation from IS and the high-energy emission (up to about 1 s following the trigger) as IS synchrotron-self-Compton. In the second scenario, in view of its long duration (~100 s), the high-energy tail is decoupled from the prompt burst and has an external shock origin. In this case, we show that a reasonable choice of parameters does indeed exist to accommodate the optical-to-GeV data, provided the Lorentz factor of the shocked shell is sufficiently high. Finally, we attempt to explain the chromatic break observed around ~10^3 s with a structured jet model. We find that this might be a viable explanation and that it lowers the high value of the burst energy derived by assuming isotropy, ~10^(53) erg, below ~10^(49) erg, which is more compatible with the energetics from a binary merger progenitor.