Dalina Maria Andrei

Vector Error Correction Model in Explaining the Association of Some Macroeconomic Variables in Romania

The purpose of this article is to empirically analyze the long and short runs association of some macroeconomic variables in Romania. Variables used across regression include foreign direct investments (FDI), imports, exports, GDP and labour and we also take into account some economic and financial crisis’ influence on these. In order to establish this influence, a dummy was used for the 2008-2012 intsb erval. Then, all variables were found to be integrated of order one I (I). Cointegration was performed under Johansen test and a VECM was applied according to its result. Our model results point on the association between variables on both long and short runs. Then, Granger test under VECM was equally applied in order to establish the unior bi-directional causality between variables. We found that the economic crisis actually caused significant influence on FDI, imports, exports and GDP and rather no influence on labor, as reliable resource.

Labour Market, Wages and Their Policies in the EU Area

Interesting and challenging is not exactly that economic thinking is divided between those who admit that labour would be a good negotiated on its specific market segment and those who don’t, but other two-three aspects. The one is that those who do admit it are classic, neoclassic and (interestingly!) Marxian schools. The last thinkers certainly see it as pejorative. Interesting is equally that those who ‘reject labour market concept’ work around the Keynesian thinking school. The author of ‘General Theory...’ rejected the idea that employer and employee could ever be economically equal to each other and that labour could keep any real market supply specific behaviour. Thirdly, Keynes was the first one who pointed to unemployment as a real modern problem, but also interestingly his view on the same unemployment wasn’t satisfactory for our present. At present, unemployment is a problem and even an unsolved one for the European economy and for the EU Organization. The EU documents might indicate it as a problem (and not only economic) and a policy priority, together with the wages issue, but basically employment and wages cannot make any policy priority against economic targets like productivity, cost reduction and industrial efficiency.

World FDI, an 'Unequal Partners' and 'Concentric Circles' Design Part Xii. The Short Story of World FDI in the 1990-2015 Year Interval

This paper is supposed to end this given series to focus on FDI & DIA , as unitary fluid substance world owned and it is the 12th and last one. Now this is also leaving the country group/region analysis for the world-wide observing, plus here searching for comprehensive conclusions. So, see below some international direct investments classifying and revealed types ranking by amounts invested, plus corresponding dynamics. The paper series’ conclusions will come back to the above general title significance.

World FDI, an ‘Unequal Partners’ and ‘Concentric Circles’ Design: Part II. Studying the Euro-Zone. The ‘Black Hole’ Type Behaviour Relates Directly to ‘Mirror’ Effect

We are just continuing on our approach on FD I(flows and stocks) at the international scale , and this time focusing on the Euro-zone region and this for two reasons related to our precedent article. First, this is an integrated region, besides individual countries previously considered; second, it is about its ‘black hole’ type behaviour, i.e. top FDI&DIA world-wide despite negative performing on both receiving investments (FDI/inflows) and investing abroad (DIA/outflows). We’ll see here below how much this first restricted (and integrated) region studied proves both similarities and differences, as compared to the whole world picture and its previously analyzed ‘tip of the iceberg’ and new conclusions are to be added. Once more, our approach on FDI won’t change any of its previous paradigms, coordinates and criteria considered, i.e. FDI/inflows, versus DIA/outflows and stocks, versus flows, total world, versus individual countries, dynamics meaning individual country versus world speed difference along the 1994-2015 interval, in which the 1994 stocks cumulate FDI&DIA flows since 1990, and top countries range up to an important majority of stocks amounts in the total and down to 0.2% on FDI/inflows and to 0.1% of the same total world stocks on DIA/outflows .

World FDI, an ‘Unequal Partners’ and ‘Concentric Circles’ Design Part XI. The Last Ocean Island Countries Group of Pacific. Studying Oceania

This paper continues the given series to focus on FDI & DIA, as unitary fluid substance world owned and this is the 11th and last analysis on country groups, regions and continents, here expecting another phase entering for the next following papers under the above title with different analyses and developments to be reported.

World FDI, an ‘Unequal Partners’ and ‘Concentric Circles’ Design. Part I the ‘Tip of the Iceberg’

This is the start of a series of articles on foreign direct investments (FDI) topic. Here recall a doctoral thesis and a postdoctoral paper involved, both debating about FDI. First of all, the FDI origin was there about three groups of theories, the (a) international trade based one (i.e. works of David Ricardo and Neoclassic Synthesis/HOS), the (b) product life cycle one (i.e. works of Robert Vernon) and the so-called (c) ‘eclectic paradigm’ (i.e. John Dunning) treating from the viewpoint of enterprise (i.e. microeconomic) development up to its international implemented stage. And the last might have continued on a large diversity of theories on multinational companies.Our paper will here below approach a new view point, much simpler, i.e. on FDI flows and stocks at the international scale, as exclusively. This simple description will though challenge the above theories and first by a picture and a few facts reflecting description on all understanding. Theories above might see some of their conclusions here and there completed and/or even contradicted by this paper in context.

World FDI, An ‘Unequal Partners’ and ‘Concentric Circles’ Design Part III. Studying the Rest of Europe: Western, versus Central and Eastern Europe

This is our third article already in the previously promised series to focus on FDI & DIA, as unitary fluid substance world owned, and so flows and stocks and country actors carrying these, but respective amounts unevenly distribute on these country actors. Once more, our approach on FDI won’t change any of its previous paradigm, coordinates and criteria considered, i.e dynamics mean individual country versus world speed difference along the 1994-2015 interval, in which the 1994 stocks accumulate FDI&DIA flows since 1990, and top countries range up to an important majority of stocks amounts in the total and so a relatively stable percentage, on the one hand, and down to 0.2% on FDI/inflows and to 0.1% of the same total world stocks on DIA/outflows, on the other. This time we will stay in Europe to focus on two so-called ‘sub-regions’ of this continent with interesting FDI-DIA contents, that will then interestingly aggregate for something that might equally become a territory more economically homogeneous than previously thought.

World FDI, an 'Unequal Partners' and 'Concentric Circles' Design Part IV. Further on Regions, with Preliminary Images. South-East Europe, CIS Member Countries and near East

This article continues the previously promised series to focus on FDI & DIA, as unitary fluid substance world owned, and so flows and stocks and country actors carrying these, but respective amounts unevenly distribute on these country actors. Once more, our approach on FDI keeps on its unchanged paradigm, coordinates and criteria considered, i.e. dynamics mean individual country versus world speed difference along the 1994-2015 interval, in which the 1994 stocks cumulate FDI & DIA flows since 1990, and top countries range up to an important majority of stocks amounts in the total (85-95%) and so a relatively stable percentage, on the one hand, and down to 0.2% on FDI/inflows and to 0.1% of the same total world stocks on DIA/outflows, on the other. It will be this time for other three regions that are: South-East Europe, CIS and Near East countries.

World FDI, An ‘Unequal Partners’ and ‘Concentric Circles’ Design, Part VIII When and Where Capital Scarcity. Studying Africa. Its Regions and Countries

This article continues the previously promised series to focus on FDI & DIA, as unitary fluid substance world owned and this is the 8th one. Since general results of our research made are already growing larger and larger, it will be from now on that such syntheses will be separately published from the articles’ bodies, of course for space limiting reasons. Then, whereas Europe and Asia were found to really form an interesting international ’Eurasian’ capital market place carrying nearly 60% of the world capital stock, then the other continents and regions (predominantly of the Third World) see themselves forced to look in different world directions. Besides, in the aftermath of having studied those seven large Eurasian regions – that turn to nine regions when Asia is viewed as identified with its three regions inside – and here considering other nine great countries left from the formerly studied ‘top - 16’ (i.e. US, UK, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand), less than 10% of world FDI stocks and less than 5% of world DIA stocks are left to be met and approached from now on. Shortly, a low FDI & DIA stocks amount expected to be shared among yet a high number of world countries.

World FDI, an 'Unequal Partners' and 'Concentric Circles' Design Part IX. Back to the Old Features! Studying Latin America

This article continues the given series to focus on FDI & DIA , as unitary fluid substance world owned and this is the 9th one in line. Then, whereas Europe and Asia were found to really form an interesting international ’Eurasian’ capital market place carrying nearly 60% of the world capital stock, then there came Africa, with its regions, to be studied and those carrying international capital amounts as low as this way qualitatively wrecking some of general FDI&DIA regularities applying on this continent. This below part of our story will be about Latin America, with its two regions that are Southern and Central Americas. Even since looking at the two (Africa and Latin America) continents on maps some similitude and some difference might both arise on our studied issue.