Dallen J. Timothy

Participatory planninga View of Tourism in Indonesia

Abstract Most of the planning literature dealing with tourism focuses on what should be done in developing this industry at the expense of providing an understanding of what is actually being pursued and what can be done given a destinations local conditions. This study presents a normative model of participatory planning principles, which originates in the Western literature. This model is used to investigate what is actually being done in tourism planning in one developing destination, and examines the local constraints upon many of the principles recommended by researchers. Some of the participatory principles are practiced, but others are not. Local sociocultural and economic conditions are constraints in the principles recommended in the model.

Cross-boder shopping: A North American perspective

Abstract This paper examines the place of cross-border shopping in the context of tourism between Canada and the United States and the implications that this has for the role of shopping as a generator of tourism. A review of the relationship between shopping and tourism is followed by an examination of the sudden increase in cross-border shopping in North America of the 1980s, and the public and private sector responses. This surge of Canadian cross-border shoppers resulted in a significant increase in the travel deficit for Canada and attracted political, legislative, economic, and social reaction. Models are proposed as aids to understanding the role of cross- border shopping in tourism.

Cooperative Tourism Planning in a Developing Destination

This paper presents a normative modelof tourism planning which requires cooperation between government agencies, between various administrative levels of government, between same-level autonomous polities, and between the public and private sectors. These cooperative planning principles are examined in the context of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, where it was found that they are not a part of the planning practices already in place. Sociopolitical factors are considered the most important reasons for the lack of cooperative tourism planning in the study area and it is believed that other developing destinations with similar human environmental conditions would also be lacking in the use of cooperative planning principles.

Political boundaries and tourism: borders as tourist attractions

Abstract Although formalities commonly associated with international boundaries are sometimes considered bothersome and often add a perceived distance to certain tourist destinations, borders do, in many cases, function as tourist attractions. This paper discusses the nature of political boundaries in the context of tourism and examines the tendency of various types of international frontiers and their associated environments to attract significant tourist numbers. Situations considered are relict boundaries, boundary parks and monuments, and natural wonders located at international borders. Subnational boundaries are also examined in a similar fashion. Since tourism is also important in areas adjacent to boundaries (borderlands), the last part of the paper focuses on some of the dimensions of cross-border shopping, bordertown gambling, welcome centers, and international enclaves — all border-related phenomena which are not in fact part of a precisely established political boundary but which owe their existence to their borderlands location.

Tourism, diasporas and space

Tourism can be used to enhance social capital. Robert Putnam is credited with popularizing the concept of social capital (Putnam 1995a), which he defined as a usable resource created by open, collective and cooperative networks built on relationships of trust “that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives’ (Putnam 1995b: 665). Frances Fukuyama defined social capital as “the cultural propensity for people to seek solutions by establishing horizontal links that are outside the government or the state and organized by civil society itself” (from Fukuyama 1995, cited in Association Management 2002: 75). Set in a postmodern or post-Fordist conceptual framework, social capital resources are not reduced by usage, but are instead strengthened and enhanced by greater levels of member participation (Ostrom, 2000). Unlike traditional forms of economic capital, human capital, or cultural capital (all of which relate to attributes of individuals), social capital is situated in the quality of relationships and is not easily quantifiable or measured (Mohan and Mohan 2002). Friendship and goodwill are examples of this. They are best created through face-to-face interactions and they become resources when “mobilized to facilitate action” (Adler and Kwon 2002).

Cross-border partnership in tourism resource management: international parks along the US-Canada border.

This paper examines cross-border partnerships in three international parks along the US-Canada border based on principles of sustainable tourism. A model of intensity of cross-border partnerships is developed, and areas of coordination examined include management frameworks, infrastructure development, human resources, conservation, promotion, and international- and local-level border concessions and treaty waivers, all of which play a part in the sustainable management of trans-frontier resources. The findings suggest that the more integrated the two sides of an international park are in relation to the border, the higher the level of cooperation will be. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the importance of bilateral treaties, official treaty waivers, and less formal local cooperation for laying the groundwork for sustainable management of cross-border tourism resources.

Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world : a regional perspective

Section 1: Heritage Issues and Challenges in Developing Regions 1. Introduction: Heritage Tourism and the Less-Developed World 2. Protecting the Past: Challenges and Opportunities 3. The Politics of Heritage 4. Heritage Tourism and Its Impacts Section Two: Heritage Issues and Challenges: Regional Perspectives 5. The Meanings, Marketing and Management of Heritage Tourism in South East Asia (Joan Henderson) 6. Heritage and Tourism in East Asias Developing Nations: Communist-Socialist Legacies and Diverse Cultural Landscapes (Dallen Timothy, Bihu Wu, and Oyunaa Luvsandavaajav) 7. Heritage Tourism in the Pacific: Modernity, Myth and Identity (Michael Hall) 8. South Asian Heritage Tourism: Conflict, Colonialism and Cooperation (Gyan Naupane and Megha Budruk) 9. Heritage Tourism in Southwest Asia and North Africa: Contested Pasts and Veiled Realities (Dallen Timothy and Rami Daher) 10. Tourism and Africas Tripartite Cultural Past (Victor Teye) 11. Heritage Management and Tourism in the Caribbean (Leslie-Ann Jordan and David Duval) 12. Heritage Tourism in Latin America: Can turbulent times be overcome? (Regina Schluter) 13. Heritage Tourism in Central and Eastern Europe (Duncan Light, Craig Young, and Mariusz Czepczynski) 14. Heritage tourism in the Developing World: Reflections and Ramifications

Development Characteristics and Implications of Mainland Chinese Outbound Tourism

This paper provides a thorough examination of the Mainland Chinese demand for outbound travel. It analyses the impacts of the Mainland Chinese outbound tourism market according to factors such as policy, economy and socio-political issues. The origins, destination perceptions and organization of Mainland Chinese outbound tourists are also explained, together with the negative impacts of tourism on Mainland Chinese travellers, travel agencies, national image and economic loss. Finally, the marketing policies for Mainland Chinese outbound tourism in travel agencies, government tourism offices and destinations are examined.

Tourism Growth, National Development and Regional Inequality in Turkey

The introduction of international tourism as an economic growth strategy in Turkey is relatively recent, and Turkey has experienced rapid tourism growth in terms of volume and value. Despite the significant progress in these respects, tourism has contributed little to development. Instead, it has increased the rate of economic growth at the expense of equality among regions and classes. This paper examines the impacts of intensive coastal tourism growth on the development of rural regions in particular and national development in general. It concludes that spatial concentrations of mass tourism investment induced by tourism incentive policies in relatively developed coastal regions have increased disparities among regions and classes.

Shortcomings in planning approaches to tourism development in developing countries: the case of Turkey

Many developing countries have prepared plans particularly at the central level to guide tourism development, as they have recognized the tourism sector as an important source of foreign currency earning and employment. In this context, mainly aims at analyzing the shortcomings of the planning approaches to tourism development in developing countries by exemplifying the points made with special references to Turkey. There appears to be several defects in the planning approaches to tourism development. Concludes that there is the need for political stability, establishing supportive institutions and decentralization to develop and implement an appropriate contemporary tourism planning approach by taking into account destination specific conditions, and collaboration and cooperation of western governments and international agencies.