Dalmo Correia

2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research .

Estudo comparativo entre antlmoniato de meglumina, isotianato de pentamidina e sulfato de aminosidine, no tratamento de lesões cutâneas primárias causadas por Leishmania (viannia) braziliensis

With the aim of comparing the therapeutic efficacy, tolerability and toxicity of meglumine antimoniate, aminosidine sulphate andpentamidine isethionate, a field study was conducted on randomized treatment of patients with primary cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (L(V)b), in Cone de Pedra, BA, from October 1992 up to January 1993- Forty six patients were treated and distributed into three groups, two with 15 and one with 16 subjects. All patients were submitted to clinical examination, histopatological and immunological investigations, as diagnostic criterium. All patients were treated by intramusculaiy route. Group 1 received pentamidine 4mg/kg/every 2 days, for 8 applications; Group 2 recieved aminosidine 20 mg/kg/day, for 20 days, and Group 3 recieveid meglumine lOmg Sln/kg/day, for 20 days. Failure of therapy was defined as ulceration of the skin lesion four months after treatment. Such failure occurred in five cases as follows: two cases in patients of group 1 one case in patients of group 2, and two cases in group 3, after the first year of follow up. In the evaluation after three years we rewied fifteen patients, five in each group; except for one in Group 3, all of them were cured. Statistical significance of the results beetween the three schedules used was not verified.

Power Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in HIV‐Infected and AIDS Patients

Background: In HIV‐infected patients the risks for cardiovascular disease are multifactorial. Autonomic dysfunction has been detected in the early phase of HIV infection as well as in AIDS patients with advanced cardiomyopathy.

Cardiac autonomic function in chagasic elderly patients in an endemic area: A time and frequency domain analysis approach

Chagas disease is a common cause of cardiac autonomic impairment. In an endemic area there is a predominance of the indeterminate form and the number of elderly individuals committed by the disease is increasing. This study aimed to investigate the profile of heart rate variability (HRV) in elderly chagasic patients. 28 aged chagasic (CH), 28 non-chagasic (NC) aged individuals and 28 adults between 20 and 40 years old (YG) were studied. R-R intervals were assessed in time and frequency domains applying an autoregressive algorithm. There was no difference regarding temporal and spectral indices among the elderly groups in baseline. The values of the variance in CH, NC and YG individuals were 891.80, 283.60, 2557.00, showing a reduction of the total HRV in the aged groups when compared to the young control (p < 0.001). During the cold face test, the pNN50 response was significantly different only in the young group (p < 0.001). The temporal and spectral indices were not different among the elderly groups. The percentile changes of the R-R intervals induced by the tilt test in CH, NC and YG were respectively -7.04%, -9.35%, -15.81%, being significantly higher in the young individuals (p < 0.001). There was no difference regarding the percentile changes of the temporal and spectral indices between CH and NC elderly patients. The cardiac autonomic function assessed by HRV parameters presented no differences among the elderly individuals (CH and NC) living in an endemic area.

Cardiac Autonomic Modulation Evaluated by Heart Interval Variability is Unaltered but Subtly Widespread in the Indeterminate Chagas' Disease

Background: Cardiac autonomic function in the indeterminate chronic form of Chagas disease deserves better clearing‐up and understanding, since the existing findings are scarce and controversial. This work analyzed the short‐term heart interval variability in order to verify the cardiac autonomic modulation in indeterminate Chagas disease subjects examined in a Brazilian endemic area.

Avaliação do exame citopatológico como método para diagnosticar a paracoccidioidomicose crônica oral

With the aim of evaluating exfoliative cytology for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis oral lesions, eight patients that presented the disease were studied. The presence of fungi was demonstrated in all these cases. It was concluded that the oral exfoliative cytology exam can be effectively used in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis and contribute to the therapeutic control of oral forms of this mycosis.

Iron status, malnutrition and acute phase response in HIV-positive patients

Nutritional status and some iron metabolism parameters of acute phase response (APR) positive and APR-negative AIDS patients were studied. Twenty-nine AIDS patients were submitted to 24h food intake recall, anthropometry, and albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, ferritin, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) measurements. Infection plus serum CRP > 7 mg/dl were criteria for APR presence. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was ascertained by body mass index (BMI) lower than 18.5 kg/m2 and height-creatinine index (HCI < 70%). PEM (77.8 vs 40%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (44. 4 vs 9.5%) were more frequent in APR-positive patients, which also had lower serum albumin (3.7 +/- 0.9 vs 4.3 +/- 0.9 g/dl), TIBC (165. 8 +/- 110.7 vs 265.9 +/- 74.6 mg/dl) and blood hemoglobin (10.5 +/- 1. 8 vs 12.6 +/- 2.3g/dl). Iron intake was similar between groups; however, serum ferritin levels (median, range) were higher among APR-positive (568, 45.3-1814 vs 246, 18.4-1577 ng/ml) patients. HIV-positive adults with systemic response to invading pathogens showed worse nutritional status than those APR-negative. In APR-positive AIDS patients, anemia appears to be unrelated to recent iron intake.

Cytokine serum levels in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus with and without Trypanosoma cruzi coinfection

This study assessed the number of CD4 T lymphocytes, the parasitemia and serum levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4 and IL-10 of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human immunodeficiency virus/Chagas disease coinfection. CD4 T lymphocytes were low in the two groups of patients, although significantly lower in patients without Chagas disease. Serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in patients with HIV/Chagas disease. IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios were higher in patients with HIV/Chagas disease, which showed a clear balance in favor of Th2-like cytokines in this group of patients. This Th2 balance was higher in patients with detectable parasitemia. We conclude that, although immunosuppression was observed, with CD4 T lymphocytes below 200/microm3, these patients did not display reactivation of T. cruzi infection and that a balance favorable to Th2 was associated with the presence of parasitemia.

Mefloquina no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea em uma área endêmica de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mefloquine in the treatment of skin leishmaniasis in patients infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis at an endemic region. Mefloquine is an oral drug effective against malaria with a prolonged half-life, less toxicity and easier administration than pentavalent antimonials. At Corte de Pedra in the Southern litoral of Bahia State, two randomized groups of ten patients with leishmaniasis were treated. The first group was treated with oral mefloquine, 250 mg per day in a single dose for six days and repeated three weeks later. The second group received meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime), 20 mg/kg daily administered intravenously for 20 days. Only one patient in the group treated with mefloquine showed evidence of clinical success. During treatment, one patient with four lesions developed a new lesion. The other three patients with clinical leismaniasis did not show evidence of clinical success after nine weeks of treatment. The group treated with Glucantime showed evident clinical improvement of the skin lesions.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficacia da mefloquina numa regiao endemica de leishmaniose cutânea por Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, considerando que esta droga de administracao oral, eficaz no tratamento da malaria, com meia vida prolongada e efeitos colaterais pouco frequentes poderia ser menos toxica e de mais facil administracao, quando comparada com os antimoniais pentavalentes. Em Corte de Pedra, no litoral sul do Estado da Bahia, foram tratados, aleatoriamente, dez pacientes portadores de lesoes leishmanioticas, subdivididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu mefloquina pela via oral, dose de 250mg/dia, durante seis dias, repetindo-se o mesmo esquema apos intervalo de tres semanas. O segundo grupo recebeu antimoniato de meglumina (Glucantime®) diariamente, pela via endovenosa, na dose de 20mg/kg por 20 dias. Do grupo da mefloquina so um paciente apresentou cicatrizacao depois do segundo ciclo. Um desses, com quatro lesoes apresentou nova lesao durante o primeiro ciclo de tratamento. A evolucao dos outros tres foi lenta sendo que em nove semanas nenhum deles tinha cicatrizado as ulceras que permaneciam com grande infiltracao e sinais evidentes de atividade. O grupo tratado com Glucantime® apresentou evidente melhora.

Análise temporal da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca no estado basal em idosos chagásicos na forma indeterminada em área endêmica

With the aim of evaluating the cardiac autonomic function in elderly chagasic patients living in an endemic area, we evaluated, by using computadorized heart rate variability, 28 elderly chagasic with the indeterminate form, 28 elderly non chagasic and 28 young healthy control. In all patients we performed conventional electrocardiogram, radiological investigation of thorax, and with contrast of esophagus and colons and echodopplercardiogram. Non chagasic patients did not perform only the exams with contrast. The systolic ventricular function was preserved in all subjects. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to mean duration of RR intervals. Considering the variance, standard deviation, variation coefficient and pNN50 there was statistically significant difference between the young and elderly groups but no difference was found when the analysis was performed in each one separately for these temporal indexes. We conclude that, in basal condition, the groups of elderly chagasic and no chagasic subjects did not differ as much as the cardiac autonomic modulation in time domain.