Dalveer Kaur

Frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric and electric properties of Ba2-xSm4+2x/3Ti8O24 with structural analysis

Abstract Dielectric ceramics samples of barium titanium oxide doped with samarium, having a complex structural formula of Ba2-xSm4+2x/3Ti8O24 (referred to as BST), were fabricated by a high temperature solid-state reaction technique with varying x (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6). X-ray diffraction technique was used to check the formation of particular phases. Scanning electron microscope technique was used to study the surface morphology of the samples. The samples were studied in a temperature range of 298 K to 623 K and frequency range of 10 KHz to 1 MHz. The dielectric constant (εr), loss tangent (tan δ), and AC conductivity (σAC) were measured on sintered disks of BST samples. The DC resistivity of different compositions was measured at room temperature. Detailed studies of dielectric and electrical properties showed that these properties are strongly dependent on composition, frequency and temperature. The compounds showed stable behavior in lower temperature range (up to 523 K), therefore, they can be used in practical applications in this temperature range.

Effect of Substitution of Samarium and Lanthanum on Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Barium Titanate

In this research paper, we report the dielectric and electric investigation of series of dielectric ceramics samples with structural formula Ba2-xRe4+2x/3Ti8O24 (where Re = Sm and La and x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6). The dielectric parameters (i.e. dielectric constant and loss tangent) and ac conductivity are measured with impedance analyzer. This paper is presented to compare the effect of samarium and lanthanum doping on the properties of barium titanate. The research work concludes that lanthanum doping has more favorable effect on the properties. This paper also presents impedance analysis and V-I characteristics of all the samples. This is concluded that these properties are strongly dependent on frequency, temperature and composition. The investigation reports almost constant value of dielectric constant and very low loss tangent at lower temperatures.

Effect of interface in dielectric relaxation properties of PEMA–BaZrO3 nanocomposites

XRD peaks demonstrate the interaction of nanoparticles with polymer matrix. It is evident from the dielectric data that observed change in dielectric parameters would result from appropriate changes in chain mobility due to nanoparticles–polymer interactions. FT-IR spectra represent the significant changes in intensity, shape and position of the different vibrational bands corresponding to –OH stretching, C–O–C stretching, C–H stretching and C–O–C in C–H stretching modes occur as a result of the incorporation of BaZrO3 nanofiller. Thermally stimulated discharge current (TSDC) and transient discharging current study presented the dipolar and interfacial type of relaxations.

Simulation Based Comparative Study of Routing Protocols Under Wormhole Attack in Manet

A Mobile Ad hoc network (manet) has emerged as an autonomous, multi-hop, wireless and temporary type of network which works within the constraints like bandwidth, power and energy. Manet can be observed as an open type of network where nodes become a part of any network at any time that’s why it is susceptible to different types of attacks. Wormhole attack is most threatening security attack in ad hoc network where an attacker node receives packet at one location and replay them at other location which is remotely located far. In this paper, we study and compare the performance of AODV, DSR and ZRP under the impact of multiple wormhole attacker nodes. Diverse scenarios are characterized as like average of 50 runs and mobility. By statistical placement of multiple wormhole nodes across the network, we evaluate the performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, average end to end delay and jitter. Finally based on the simulation we investigated the most affected routing protocol in terms of network metrics.

Interference Cancellation in Broadcast Channel of Multiuser MIMO system using Block Diagonalization and Dirty Paper Coding Schemes

In Multiuser MIMO system, multiple antennas are placed on base station and also on multiple users. Multiple antennas technique enhanced the performance parameters like reliability and data rate of wireless communication system without required more bandwidth, multiple antennas at transmitting and receiving end provides transmitting and receiving diversity, diversity increases the reliability of signal and spatial multiplexing increases the data rate by transmitting multiple information streams between transmitter and receiver. The base station transmits multiple streams to mobile station through downlink channel, known as broadcast channel and mobile users also transmit multiple streams to base station through uplink channel, known as multiple access channel. This paper considers only broadcast channel, the major issue in information transmission in broadcast channel is that the desired signal on the receiving side is affected by other user interference as well as inter-antenna interference. So, interference cancellation schemes on the transmitting end plays very important role to reduced interference on receiving end in multiuser MIMO wireless communication system. This paper discusses two interference cancellation schemes, Block Diagonalization (BD) and Dirty Paper Coding (DPC). Block Diaganalization is linear precoding technique that is used at transmitting end and it uses singular value decomposition operation to get block diagonalization precoding weights. Dirty Paper Coding is non-linear precoding technique; this technique is applied only when channel gains are completely known at transmitting end. This paper also shows performance comparison of block diagonalization and dirty paper coding schemes in term of Bit Error Rate Keywords-Multiuser MIMO, Block Diagonalization, DPC.

Wormhole Attack Detection Technique in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A wormhole attack is harmful attack against routing protocols in ad hoc network where node attracts packets from one location and retransmits them to other location using long range link within the network. A wormhole attack can be easily launched between two attacker nodes without compromising the mobile nodes. Most of routing protocols don’t have any defending technique against wormhole activities; so in the presence of attacker nodes malicious activities may occur and disrupt network communication by tamper the data or forward the message to unknown location of the network to disrupt it functionality. Several routing protocols have been proposed to defend against wormhole attack in mobile ad hoc networks by adapting synchronization clocks, GPS or any special hardware. In this research article, we proposed a novel wormhole detection technique which identifies the wormhole link by calculating the maximum end to end delay between two nodes within the communication range. Mobile nodes do not need to be equipped with GPS, clock synchronized or any other type of special hardware. The simulation results prove that proposed scheme detects wormhole attack.

Optimization of OADM DWDM Ring Optical Network using Various Modulation Formats

In this paper, the performance of the ring optical network is analyzed at bit rate 2.5 Gbps and 5 Gbps for various modulation formats such as NRZ rectangular, NRZ raised cosine, RZ soliton, RZ super Gaussian, RZ raised cosine and RZ rectangular. The effect of insertion losses is analyzed. It is observed that RZ Soliton performs better than all other formats and using this scheme system can exist up to 95 dB insertion loss. It has been observed that there is a rise in the system performance for NRZ rectangular and RZ soliton formats after 10 GHz bandwidth.

Investigation of Power Transients in 45 Channel DWDM Ring Optical Network

Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are most commonly used in optical networks for the most assorted applications. The fast power transient effect of the cascaded erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) in 45 channels optical ring network is investigated. The power transient effect of EDFA’s are observed when channels are added and dropped. It is shown that, for low channel adding/dropping frequency closed to EDFA transient rate, the transmission performances of the surviving channels are impaired severely. And also ring laser configuration technique has been reported to mitigate the effect of power transients. Optsim simulation was utilized for simulation of the designed DWDM OADM ring network.

REVIEW PAPER ON DWDM TECHNOLOGY

Domestic violence in itself is one of the most difficult, specific and wide-spread social-legal problems containing the number of signs of violation. Conflict directly concerns people connected with coexistence; it has the local, exclusive character and the fight against it is less effective in accordance with common practice of fight against the crime. Specificity of the fight against the crime of this category is expressed in both complexity of its revealing and in effective and lawful choice of coercive measures against it. The issue of domestic violence has been tabooed in many countries for a long time, because the disclosure of such issues was considered as interference in people’s private life. Although the society has gradually realized that the problem of domestic violence must not be ignored as violence endangers people’s health and life. Domestic violence is not only the problem of separate individuals, it has negative effect on the other members of the family, especially on minors and leads to distortion of their psyche and consciousness which, in its turn, leads to the formation of an unhealthy situation in the society.The author analyzes the results of the four stages of victimization surveys and Unified Crime Reports prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia in 2010-2013. The results of victimization surveys and statistics reports related to indexes and structure of crime became important after the parliamentary elections held in October 1, 2012, resulted by defeating of the ruling political party “National Movement” which was in power for the last 9 years. The new coalition “Georgian Dream”, headed by the billionaire B. Ivanishvili, radically changed political climate and announced the acceleration of democratization of the country and adopted the legislation decriminalization policy. According the new policy, the government of the country carried out the general amnesty, and released more than 60% of all prisoners from the custody. Such policy became the object of serious criticism from the part of the oppositions and some experts. They have expressed concerns about the criminal situation and decreasing level of security in the country predicted anarchy and disorganizations. This article is an attempt to assess the real situation in Georgia and the level of real threat to stability posed by criminality.Everything has his pros and cons. Debtor’s rights and obligations during court order enforcement, causes of problems that may arise. This problem is in the whole country, not just in one city or in one social class. A very large number of families from everywhere around Georgia have been affected. How and where it started will be discussed below in the text. Rights of creditors and debtors overlap in many aspects. We need to be very careful when sorting out this issue. We cannot under any circumstances make a decision with a benefit of one party while the other party will suffer losses. Georgian law on “Law Enforcement” does not support in any ways rights of debtors and all the procedures highlighted are towards forcing the debtor to pay off the debt. At this stage based on the current law, current socio-economic problems, statistics, ways on sorting out the problem, this object of studies is very important and has a very high intrinsic value in its theoretical part as well as in its practical part. If the right approach is taken it is possible to minimise the need to protect rights of creditors or debtors in the futures, because every party will be fully aware of their abilities and punishments for failures to fulfil their obligations, before signing the contractThe article includes detailed employment and uniploymant analysis in each municipality. In the analysis we use results from household survey conducted by the National Statistics Service. More specific information about the labour market at the municipal level was collected through cooperation with local municipalities. For the analysis we used information from municipalities’ web pages, telephone conversations with stakeholders, personal meetings with experts and so on. It should also be noted that a certain part of the data obtained from municipalities and from administrative territorial units have an approximate nature, but based on these information it is possible to gain some valuable conclusions and make assumptions. Terms and reality of employment analysis is carried out not only at the level of the municipality but on the country and regional ones as well.This project aims to apply learning of operations research and optimizing resources to practical cases. The aim of this problem is to maximize the the fairness of the schedule , while respecting all the constraints . In regards with the results obtained after some tests ILP has found a very good solution to our problem . Better values of the penalties associated to the shifts could be defined in order to represent the reality more accurately especially by taking into account the length of the shifts. The models can also be solved by means of optimization software. As shown in this paper, the current schedules can benefit from this work. My problem is NP-hard that it means unsolvable.My objective is to do the objective values ( diff =0.1) . The ideal must be 0 but it is impossible.there is shown in the table in 5 shifts , 20 nurses 10 weeks. We see that when we increase the number of shift the objective value is decreasing. It is fact that when we add a shift the software must do more iterations but the penalty is decreasing. We see that with the same number of iterations the penalty is smaller when we add a shift.For the welfare of modern society and any state`s correct function it is very important to have straightened working court system and to ensure every person`s court accessibility. Each step of court case management is detailed in civil procedure code. The legislation of civil procedure of Georgia foresees some mechanisms and opportunities of the restriction of court accessibility, which must be studied. The meaning of this study is stipulated by huge importance of court accessibility itself and by need of due caution during its restricting. The access to the court right is reserved not only by national, but also by international law, as evidenced by Article 42 of the Constitution [1], ``The UN Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms`` Article 6 [3]. As any study issue, this one also needs scientific, systemic approach. For fully demonstrating the issue it is advised to classify and define court accessibility restriction mechanisms. Here presented work is about this matter.The Administrative Law is a part of public law, as it is depended on the subordinate principle. It aims to realize public interest. On the other hand, Enforcement Law is part of administrative space, which regulates the rules and procedures of the enforcement process for different court’s decisions as well as other acts. As administrating effects our everyday lives, it is a public interest that this process should be kept in the legal borders. This is exactly what the Administrative Law is all about. It regulates the social relations in which were government and other administrative bodies play a major role. It is true that Enforcement Law provides us with the norms, rules and procedures of the legal administration, but it is still court’s responsibility to assess the legal quality of it. This is why we need effective justice, to have the competent court ruling practice and to enforce them properly.Collision issues are discussed in family law such as conditions of marriage, results of marriage, annulment of marriage, duty of maintenance, relations between parents and children, relations related to child’s origin, conditions of adopting, guardianship and tuition. I discuss issues of guardianship and tuition in mentioned work, which I think is very interesting and actual.

REVIEW ON MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Domestic violence in itself is one of the most difficult, specific and wide-spread social-legal problems containing the number of signs of violation. Conflict directly concerns people connected with coexistence; it has the local, exclusive character and the fight against it is less effective in accordance with common practice of fight against the crime. Specificity of the fight against the crime of this category is expressed in both complexity of its revealing and in effective and lawful choice of coercive measures against it. The issue of domestic violence has been tabooed in many countries for a long time, because the disclosure of such issues was considered as interference in people’s private life. Although the society has gradually realized that the problem of domestic violence must not be ignored as violence endangers people’s health and life. Domestic violence is not only the problem of separate individuals, it has negative effect on the other members of the family, especially on minors and leads to distortion of their psyche and consciousness which, in its turn, leads to the formation of an unhealthy situation in the society.The author analyzes the results of the four stages of victimization surveys and Unified Crime Reports prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia in 2010-2013. The results of victimization surveys and statistics reports related to indexes and structure of crime became important after the parliamentary elections held in October 1, 2012, resulted by defeating of the ruling political party “National Movement” which was in power for the last 9 years. The new coalition “Georgian Dream”, headed by the billionaire B. Ivanishvili, radically changed political climate and announced the acceleration of democratization of the country and adopted the legislation decriminalization policy. According the new policy, the government of the country carried out the general amnesty, and released more than 60% of all prisoners from the custody. Such policy became the object of serious criticism from the part of the oppositions and some experts. They have expressed concerns about the criminal situation and decreasing level of security in the country predicted anarchy and disorganizations. This article is an attempt to assess the real situation in Georgia and the level of real threat to stability posed by criminality.Everything has his pros and cons. Debtor’s rights and obligations during court order enforcement, causes of problems that may arise. This problem is in the whole country, not just in one city or in one social class. A very large number of families from everywhere around Georgia have been affected. How and where it started will be discussed below in the text. Rights of creditors and debtors overlap in many aspects. We need to be very careful when sorting out this issue. We cannot under any circumstances make a decision with a benefit of one party while the other party will suffer losses. Georgian law on “Law Enforcement” does not support in any ways rights of debtors and all the procedures highlighted are towards forcing the debtor to pay off the debt. At this stage based on the current law, current socio-economic problems, statistics, ways on sorting out the problem, this object of studies is very important and has a very high intrinsic value in its theoretical part as well as in its practical part. If the right approach is taken it is possible to minimise the need to protect rights of creditors or debtors in the futures, because every party will be fully aware of their abilities and punishments for failures to fulfil their obligations, before signing the contractThe article includes detailed employment and uniploymant analysis in each municipality. In the analysis we use results from household survey conducted by the National Statistics Service. More specific information about the labour market at the municipal level was collected through cooperation with local municipalities. For the analysis we used information from municipalities’ web pages, telephone conversations with stakeholders, personal meetings with experts and so on. It should also be noted that a certain part of the data obtained from municipalities and from administrative territorial units have an approximate nature, but based on these information it is possible to gain some valuable conclusions and make assumptions. Terms and reality of employment analysis is carried out not only at the level of the municipality but on the country and regional ones as well.This project aims to apply learning of operations research and optimizing resources to practical cases. The aim of this problem is to maximize the the fairness of the schedule , while respecting all the constraints . In regards with the results obtained after some tests ILP has found a very good solution to our problem . Better values of the penalties associated to the shifts could be defined in order to represent the reality more accurately especially by taking into account the length of the shifts. The models can also be solved by means of optimization software. As shown in this paper, the current schedules can benefit from this work. My problem is NP-hard that it means unsolvable.My objective is to do the objective values ( diff =0.1) . The ideal must be 0 but it is impossible.there is shown in the table in 5 shifts , 20 nurses 10 weeks. We see that when we increase the number of shift the objective value is decreasing. It is fact that when we add a shift the software must do more iterations but the penalty is decreasing. We see that with the same number of iterations the penalty is smaller when we add a shift.For the welfare of modern society and any state`s correct function it is very important to have straightened working court system and to ensure every person`s court accessibility. Each step of court case management is detailed in civil procedure code. The legislation of civil procedure of Georgia foresees some mechanisms and opportunities of the restriction of court accessibility, which must be studied. The meaning of this study is stipulated by huge importance of court accessibility itself and by need of due caution during its restricting. The access to the court right is reserved not only by national, but also by international law, as evidenced by Article 42 of the Constitution [1], ``The UN Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms`` Article 6 [3]. As any study issue, this one also needs scientific, systemic approach. For fully demonstrating the issue it is advised to classify and define court accessibility restriction mechanisms. Here presented work is about this matter.The Administrative Law is a part of public law, as it is depended on the subordinate principle. It aims to realize public interest. On the other hand, Enforcement Law is part of administrative space, which regulates the rules and procedures of the enforcement process for different court’s decisions as well as other acts. As administrating effects our everyday lives, it is a public interest that this process should be kept in the legal borders. This is exactly what the Administrative Law is all about. It regulates the social relations in which were government and other administrative bodies play a major role. It is true that Enforcement Law provides us with the norms, rules and procedures of the legal administration, but it is still court’s responsibility to assess the legal quality of it. This is why we need effective justice, to have the competent court ruling practice and to enforce them properly.Collision issues are discussed in family law such as conditions of marriage, results of marriage, annulment of marriage, duty of maintenance, relations between parents and children, relations related to child’s origin, conditions of adopting, guardianship and tuition. I discuss issues of guardianship and tuition in mentioned work, which I think is very interesting and actual.