Dameng Liu

Geochemistry of sulfur and elements in coals from the Antaibao surface mine, Pingshuo, Shanxi Province, China

Abstract Coal-bearing strata in the Antaibao surface mine, Pingshuo mining district Shanxi, China occur in the Taiyuan Formation (Upper Carboniferous) and Shanxi Formation (Lower Permian). The most productive coal seams in the mine are the Nos. 11, 9 and 4. Twenty-five samples of coals, partings, and roof shales from the Nos. 11, 10, 9, 5 (Taiyuan Formation), and 4 (Shanxi Formation) seams in the Antaibao mine were analyzed for ash, and total sulfur contents and forms of sulfur. The No. 11 seam is a medium- to high-sulfur coal (1.3–3.1% S). A coal sample (14.1% ash) from the No. 10 seam contains 3.4%, and high ash coal (37.4% ash) from the same seam contains only 0.4% total sulfur. The No. 9 seam is a low- to medium-sulfur coal (0.6–1.3% S). The highest sulfur content among the samples is 5.8% total sulfur from a coal sample of the No. 5 seam. The No. 4 seam is low-sulfur coal (0.29–0.54% S). The remarkable variation in sulfur content among the coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations could reflect different depositional environments; from coastal to lower deltaic plain for the Taiyuan, and from upper deltaic plain to fluvial basin for the Shanxi Formation. The sulfate sulfur comes mainly from the oxidation of pyrite. Sixteen samples were analyzed for 26 major, minor and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The Sr content is significantly higher in coals from the No. 4 seam in the Shanxi Formation than those from Nos. 11 to 5 seams. Chlorine, Sr, Ca and P are elements bound organically; while Si, Al, Ti, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Cr, V, Ni, Rb, Ba and Nb are mainly associated with minerals.

Variable gas content, saturation, and accumulation characteristics of Weibei coalbed methane pilot-production field in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China

Using diverse geologic and geophysical data from recent exploration and development, and experimental results of analysis of gas content, gas capacity, and gas composition, this article discusses how geologic, structural, and hydrological factors determine the heterogeneous distribution of gas in the Weibei coalbed methane (CBM) field. The coal rank of the Pennsylvanian no. 5 coal seam is mainly low-volatile bituminous and semianthracite. The total gas content is 2.69 to 16.15 m3/t (95.00–570.33 scf/t), and gas saturation is 26.0% to 93.2%. Burial coalification followed by tectonically driven hydrothermal activity controls not only thermal maturity, but also the quality and quantity of thermogenic gas generated from the coal. Gas composition indicates that the CBM is dry and of dominantly thermogenic origin. The thermogenic gases have been altered by fractionation that may be related to subsurface water movement in the southern part of the study area. Three gas accumulation models are identified: (1) gas diffusion and long-distance migration of thermogenic gases to no-flow boundaries for sorption and minor conventional trapping, (2) hydrodynamic trapping of gas in structural lows, and (3) gas loss by hydrodynamic flushing. The first two models are applicable for the formation of two CBM enrichment areas in blocks B3 and B4, whereas the last model explains extremely low gas content and gas saturation in block B5. The variable gas content, saturation, and accumulation characteristics are mainly controlled by these gas accumulation models.

Effects of pressure and temperature on gas diffusion and flow for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery

Due to the rapid increase of coalbed methane (CBM) exploration and development activities in China, gas adsorption and flow behavior for Chinese coals are of great interest for the industry and research community. How pressure and temperature affect the gas adsorption and flow on different rank coals are not only important for CBM recovery but also important for CO2 or N2 enhanced CBM recovery, since gases are often injected at a temperature different to the reservoir temperature. In this work, gas adsorption and permeability of three different rank Chinese coals are measured using CH4, N2 and CO2 at three temperatures, 20°C, 35°C and 50°C. Gas diffusivity and permeability with respect to gas species, pore pressure, effective stress and temperature are studied. The three coals are SQB-1 from Southern Qinshui Basin, JB-1 from Junggar Basin and OB-1 from Ordos Basin. Gas adsorption results show that both pressure and temperature have significant impact on adsorption behavior for SQB-1 and JB-1 using CH4. For higher rank coal SQB-1, adsorption isotherm tends to reach adsorption capacity quicker with respect to pressure. However, the maximum adsorption capacity is higher for the lower rank coal JB-1. Moreover, temperature has a stronger effect on reducing adsorption capacity for lower rank coal. Gas diffusivity results for OB-1 and JB-1 show that CO2 diffusivity is generally higher than that of CH4 and then N2. This could be related with their different kinetic diameters and their interaction with the coal. Both pressure and temperature have impact on gas diffusivity. In general, gas diffusivities increase with pressure and temperature. Permeability results show that it varies greatly with respect to coal rank with highest rank coal having the lowest permeability. Permeability is also strongly sensitive to effective stress and pore pressure. Temperature has a noticeable impact on permeability change. Permeability changes differently with temperature increase for the different rank coal samples studied. This may be attributed to the combined effect of coal strain change due to gas adsorption and thermal expansion. These results have significant implications for the design of enhanced CBM recovery and CO2 storage for different rank coals as injecting gas at different temperature and pressure would affect the CO2 injectivity and the CBM production rate.

Physical characterization of the pore-fracture system in coals, Northeastern China

Usually mercury intrusion/extrusion curves reflect the characteristics of open pore-fracture system of coals. Using this method, the nature of the open pore-fractures of 18 Chinese coals (varying in vitrinite reflectance from 0.65 to 1.76%Ro, max) was studied. A quantitative evaluation method for micropore (0-0.1 μm, in diameter), mesopore (0.1-1 μm), macropore (1-10 μm) and fracture (>10 μm) within coals was established by the mercury intrusion curves. The method was verified by the fractal geometry theory. Moreover, three Types (I, II and III) of the open pore-fracture systems of coals were analyzed by combining mercury withdrawal efficiency and permeability with pore size distribution. Results show that (a) Type I coals are characterized by abundant open micropores (mean 62.8 vol. %) and rarely open fractures, which leads to a large minable potential but very low production rate for coalbed methane (CBM); (b) Type II coals have low minable potential and high production rate for CBM, mainly because of the distribution of a few micropores (mean 35.5 vol. %) and a large number fractures (mean 19.7 vol. %) in coals; (c) Type III coals are the most appropriate to exploit CBM due to the existence of optimal open pore-fracture system (micropores, mean 58.5 vol. %; fractures, mean 15.4 vol. %) within coals.

Assessing the Water Migration and Permeability of Large Intact Bituminous and Anthracite Coals Using NMR Relaxation Spectrometry

Although extensive literature has emerged on the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation spectrometry for the determination of various petrophysical properties of clastic rocks, relatively few papers have reported the use of NMR to determine the moisture migration process and permeability of large intact coals. In this study, evaporation experiments simultaneously with NMR measurements were conducted for seven coal core plugs. Differences in the relaxation time distribution at the various saturation stages provide both qualitative and quantitative information on the saturation state and migration of moisture in the coal samples. Moisture migration accrues first in the larger pores, whereas the smaller pores appear to remain water-saturated. The evaporation of moisture in large intact coals undergoes three continuous processes: Migration of free water, macro-capillary water, and micro-capillary water, among which, the migration rates of both macro-capillary water and micro-capillary water are related to the coal pore size distribution and porosity. The results of the NMR measurements also indicate that coal permeability has a relationship with the moisture migration characteristics, which make it possible to develop an NMR-derived permeability model. The Timur–Coates and the Schlumberger-Doll Research (SDR) equations, which are commonly used in NMR logging evaluations of the permeability of clastic rock reservoirs, were discussed concerning their application to coals. It is found that a modified SDR permeability evaluation model

Interactions and exchange of CO2 and H2O in coals: an investigation by low-field NMR relaxation

[K_\mathrm{SDR}=0.0224(\hbox {T}_\mathrm{2gm}^\mathrm{b})^{0.182}(\hbox {T}_\mathrm{2gm}^\mathrm{a})^{1.534}]

COMPARISON OF PORE FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MARINE AND CONTINENTAL SHALES

[KSDR=0.0224(T2gmb)0.182(T2gma)1.534], which is a double-exponential relationship with the