Dan Haupt

Particulate Emissions From an Ethanol Fueled Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Equipped With EGR, Catalyst and DPF

Ethanol-fueled engines are considered to be low particulate-emitting engines. This study was performed to investigate the potential to achieve even lower particulate emission if a 9-liter Scania di ...

Investigating the Potential to Obtain Low Emissions From a Diesel Engine Running on Ethanol and Equipped With EGR, Catalyst and DPF

Experiments were performed to investigate the potential to achieve low emissions from a diesel engine fueled by ethanol and equipped with a commercially available exhaust after-treatment device, DN ...

Evaluating a Fischer-Tropsch Fuel, Eco-Par™, in a Valmet Diesel Engine

Reports have stated that Fischer Tropsch (FT) fuels are high quality, low emission diesel fuel substitutes. The purpose of this study is to compare the emissions from a heavy-duty, Valmet, diesel e ...

Particles And Emissions from a Diesel Engine Equipped with a Humid Air Motor System

A humid air motor system (HAM) for NO\dx reduction has been connected to an eleven liters diesel engine. Earlier studies have demonstrated that the system has capacity to lower NO\dx emissions from ...

Asthma/COPD drugs reflecting disease prevalence, patient adherence and persistence

The aim of this review is to discuss the methodological issues involved in using pharmacy-record databases of drug sales in pharmacoepidemiology and to illustrate the usefulness of such data in estimating disease prevalence, patient adherence and persistence to therapy. Recent studies show that asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence increases with age. The volume of acquired asthma/COPD drugs per patient also increases with age and was approximately 2.5-times higher for patients aged 60–69 years compared with patients aged 20–29 years. Despite this, there is a comparatively low interest in asthma/COPD research involving elderly individuals. Published asthma/COPD-prevalence data and drug-treatment-prevalence data correspond reasonably well. Short- as well as long-term studies on drug acquisition indicate that approximately a third of patients have drugs available to cover at least 80% of the prescribed treatment time. Only approximately a tenth of the patients acquired steroids or steroid combinations, corresponding to one daily defined dose per day over a 5-year treatment period. It is probable that asthma/COPD is undertreated in all age groups.

Dispensed volumes of anti-asthmatic drugs related to the prevalence of asthma and COPD in Sweden

To explore the possibility of using dispensed volumes asthma/COPD drugs as a proxy for the combined prevalence of asthma plus COPD.

Aftertreatment Strategy for Reducing Emissions from an Ethanol Fueled CI Engine

A nine liters ethanol-fueled CI engine was equipped with aftertreatment devices while different ratios of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) were tested. The NO\dX emissions were negatively correlated ...

Asthma medication : persistence with adrenergics, steroids and combination products over a 5-year period

Background:  Many patients with asthma underuse steroids for inhalation. This has been identified as a main cause of therapy failure and of excess health care utilization.Summary Background:  Many patients with asthma underuse steroids for inhalation. This has been identified as a main cause of therapy failure and of excess health care utilization. Objective:  To elucidate the medication persistence of patients using asthma drugs, how patients combine the drugs over time and whether medication persistence was influenced by patients switching to combination products. Methods:  Individual patients’ drug acquisition data were obtained from a pharmacy record database for the period 2000–2004. A patient was considered to have satisfactory medication possession ratio (MPR) if the medication supplies covered ≥80% of the prescribed treatment. Drug use profiles were constructed as graphs for each patient, showing the date of each refill and the time period covered by the dispensed drugs. From the graphs the combination of drugs, the continuity of the therapy over time and the MPR for each patient could be determined. Results:  Of 1812 patients with asthma drugs in the database, 815 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The percentage of patients with satisfactory MPR was low (11–27%), but significantly higher among patients using combination products than among those using steroids. For patients who switched from adrenergics plus steroids in two inhalers to combination products in one inhaler, the number of patients with satisfactory MPR was significantly increased. Conclusion:  Satisfactory MPR was low for all types of asthma drugs. More patients had satisfactory MPR with combination products in one inhaler than with adrenergics and steroids in two separate inhalers. Asthma drug-delivery is important and combination products of the two ingredients could therefore improve asthma therapy.