Dan Singh

Effect of different substrate on optical properties of Se92Te4Ag4 films

Present work reports the effect of substrate on the optical properties of Se92Te4Ag4 thin films. Thin films of thickness 2500 Å were prepared by the thermal evaporation of the bulk samples. Amorphous nature of thin films is confirmed by the X-ray diffraction spectra. The transmittance spectra of Se92Te4Ag4 thin films were obtained in the spectral region in the range 300–1100 nm. The optical band gap (Eg) and extinction coefficient (k) has been calculated from the absorbance data. The value of refractive index (n) has been determined from Swanepoels method. The band gap of the film deposited on mica substrate (1.24 eV) is smallest as compared to the band gap of the films deposited on microscopic glass (1.29 eV) and quartz (1.26 eV). The change in value of optical parameters with change in substrate is explained in terms of disorder and defects, which confirms the dependence of optical parameters on types of substrates.

Optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol doped (Se80Te20)100–xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) composites

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped (Se80Te20)100–xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) thin films were prepared by the spin-coating technique on a quartz substrate. The optical parameters of PVA-doped (Se80Te20)100–xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) composites at the same chalcogen concentration (S0 = 0.1 mg ml−1) and PVA/(Se80Te20)96Ag4 composites at three different chalcogen concentrations viz. S1 = 0.3 mg ml−1, S2 = 0.6 mg ml−1 and S3 = 1 mg ml−1 have been studied. The semi-crystalline nature of the as-deposited thin filmsisdetermined by X-ray diffraction. The transmission and reflection spectra of PVA-doped Se–Te–Ag thin films were obtained in a 350–650 nm spectral region. The optical-band gap has been calculated from the transmission and reflection data. The refractive index has been calculated by the measured reflection data. It has been found that the optical-band gap increases, but the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant decrease, with increase in Agcontent in PVA-doped (Se80Te20)100–xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) thin films. Such type of behavior is explained on the basis of decrease in density of the defect states. However, the optical-band gap has been found to be decreased and all other optical parameters show increase in their values with increase in concentration of (Se80Te20)96Ag4 glass in PVA-doped composites. The results have been explained on the basis of cluster-size formation at the time of dissolution. This study shows that the optical properties of new composites are affected by the change in silver and chalcogen concentration.

Electrical properties of MWCNT-composite (Se80Te20)100−xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) chalcogenide glasses

This article describes the preparation of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) chalcogenide glass composite by the melt-quenching technique. MWCNT composite (Se80Te20)100−xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) bulk samples are characterized by the XRD, SEM and EDX. The electrical measurements were carried out in the temperature range of the 308-388 K. Cole–Cole plot has been used to determine the electrical conductivity at room temperature. It has been observed that MWCNT chalcogenide composite have higher value of electrical conductivity than pure glass. The results have been discussed on the basis of increased ionic conductivity (Ag+ ions) in MWCNT doped (Se80Te20)100−xAgx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) bulk samples.

Study on Personal Socio-Agro-Economic, Psychological and Communicational Characteristics of the Vegetable Growers in Western Uttar Pradesh, India

India is the second largest producers of vegetables in the world next to china with 2.8 per cent of total cropped area under vegetables. The total cultivated area of vegetables in India was 9542.23 thousand ha and production was of 169478.23 thousand million tones in 2014-15. Our country has progressed significantly during the past six decades in developing high yield verities/hybrids of different vegetables with their improved qualities and standardized agro techniques suitable for different agro-climatic conditions. Out per capita consumption has increased from 80-175 g/day.

Impact of Mgnrega Beneficiaries in Faizabad Region, Uttar Pradesh

MGNREGA is an ambitious scheme providing employment to rural people of India. The basic aim of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is to enhance livelihood security of household in rural area. By this scheme Govt. gives assurance of employment to unskilled rural labourer for 100 days with better implementation such type of scheme may be an effective weapon to fight against poverty. This finding was socio-economic conditions of MGNREGA beneficiaries i.e. age, education, caste, gender, family type, family size, housing pattern, land holding, occupation, material possession, social participation, extension participation, family annual income and information sources. Out of 14 independent variables only two variables namely education and information sources was found significant and one variable, housing pattern highly significance and dependent variables out of six variables only one variables working experience has been highly significance. The finding of working in Eastern Uttar Pradesh was found that significant and positive changes were self confidence and self reliance of the respondents.

Constraints Faced by Marigold Growers in Meerut District of Western Uttar Pradesh

This study was conducted in Daurala, Kharkhoda and Rajpura blocks of Meerut district of Western Uttar Pradesh. From each block four villages were selected purposively and from each selected village five marigold growers were taken for the investigation. Thus the total sample size was of 60 respondents for this investigation. The data were collected from marginal, small, medium and large farmers through personal interview with the help of interview schedule. To know the constraints faced by the marigold growers. It was observed that more risk involved in the cultivation of marigold flowers. It was the major constraint and ranked in Ist with mean score 2.85 in socio-personal constraints and Lack of consumer awareness and motivation. It was ranked in the vth with mean score 1.15. Regarding technical constraints lack of training facilities on expert-oriented production and post production technology of marigold flowers and ranked in Ist with means score 2.65. More demand and spoilage due to storage facilities. It was ranked in VIIIth with mean score 0.55 in this category. Regarding economic constraints short life of flowers. It was ranked in Ist with mean score 3.00 and lack of cooperative credit facilities. It was ranked in XIth with mean score 1.05 in this category. Regarding communicational constraints unavailability of scientific information at proper time and ranked in Ist with mean score 2.70. Less provision of flowers fairs/exhibitions/demonstrations, it was ranked in Vth with means score 0.70 in this category. Regarding general constraints harvesting of marigold flowers by hand and ranked in the Ist with mean score of 3.0. Marketing facilities are not available in local market, it was ranked in XIth with mean score 0.50.

Effect of Weed Management Practices in Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) under Chhattisgarh Plains Agro-climatic Condition

The present experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during winter season to evaluate the effect of weed management practices on the growth and flowering of chrysanthemum. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments comprising of hand weeding, mulching, herbicides and unweeded check replicated three times in randomized block design. Maximum plant height, plant spread and number of branches plant−1 were recorded on application of pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT+pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1at 45 DAT followed by pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT which had at par effect. Highest average flower weight, number of flowers plant−1, flower diameter and earliest days to first bud appearance was obtained with pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT+pendimethalin(extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1at 45 DAT which was having same effect as with pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT. The minimum dry matter and nitrogen uptake was noted under pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT+pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1 at 45 DAT. Application of pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT+pendimethalin (extra) @ 0.64 kg ha−1 at 45 DAT was found superior for parameters under observations, but it was found to have at par effect with pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha−1+one hand weeding at 40 DAT.