Daniela Chrenko

Multi-rates fuel cell emulation with spatial reduced real-time fuel cell modelling

This paper presents, a multi-physical fuel cell stack model. The stack model is divided into 3 sub-models describing the different physical domains: electrical, fluidic and thermal. The stacking method has been used to model the fuel cell stack from a single cell model. The proposed model has been validated against a 1.2 kW commercial fuel cell stack with excellent agreement between simulation and experimentation. Based on the simulation results, a novel model reduction method is proposed. The reduced model is suitable for real-time simulation purpose. Moreover, a real-time model based fuel cell emulator is introduced. The emulator has 3 real-time computation cores with different rates. The 3 computation cores are interconnected with a digital communication bus. A DC/DC buck converter is designed, in order to receive the model predicted stack power conditions and emulate the real fuel cell stack power output. The experimental test results show that such an emulator is suitable for fuel cell system Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) applications.

Multirate Fuel Cell Emulation With Spatial Reduced Real-Time Fuel Cell Modeling

This paper presents a multiphysical proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack model. The stack model is divided into three submodels describing the different physical domains, namely, electrical, fluidic, and thermal. The stacking method has been used to model the fuel cell stack from a single-cell model. The proposed model has been validated against a 1.2-kW commercial PEMFC stack with excellent agreement between simulation and experimentation. Based on the simulation results, a novel model reduction method is proposed. The reduced model is suitable for real-time simulation purpose. Moreover, a real-time-model-based fuel cell emulator is introduced. The emulator has three real-time computation cores with different rates. The three computation cores are interconnected with a digital communication bus. A dc/dc buck converter is designed in order to receive the model-predicted stack power conditions and emulate the real fuel cell stack power output. The experimental test results show that such an emulator is suitable for fuel cell system hardware-in-the-loop applications.

Novel Classification of Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) only show their fuel consumption potential if the energy control provides high system efficiency. Until now control strategies were classified rule based or optimization based. For implementation it is much more interesting if they can be used in real time and if their result is close to optimum solution. Thirteen different control approaches for energy management which have already been applied in HEVs are studied based on an extensive literature review. They include rule based deterministic and Fuzzy Logic based approaches, as well as transient optimization based approaches such as Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and global optimization based approaches like dynamic programming, game theory or genetic algorithm. Finally a novel classification with regard to needs of application is provided.

Fuel cell electric scooter: Considerations toward an optimized architecture

This article presents the main aspects of the architecture of a fuel cell electric scooter. Based on a representative drive cycle the energy and power demand of such a vehicle are introduced and impacts of changes are discussed. Different possible energy and power sources like batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cell systems are introduced and characterized. Based on those system characteristics possibilities of a well adapted and available combination of energy sources is introduced. The power electronics needed for such a system are developed.

Fuel cell electric scooter: Comparison between a hydrogen direct and a methanol hybrid architecture

This article presents two architectures for a fuel cell electric scooter. One architecture where the scooter is supplied by a hydrogen supplied fuel cell and one architecture where the energy supply is obtained by a combination of a fuel cell including a methanol reformer and a battery. Both architectures are realized using industrially available systems. The experimental results and the modeling show advantages for both architecturesthat the methanol supplied fuel cell battery hybrid scooter consumes less fuel. However, the methanol reformer needs considerable time to heat up and the system architecture is more complex.

An efficient Intrusion Detection System against cyber-physical attacks in the smart grid

Abstract Without robust security mechanisms, the smart grid remains vulnerable to many attacks that can cause serious damages. Since state estimation is a critical entity to monitor and control electricity production and distribution, intruders are more attracted by this entity in order to disrupt the smart grid reliability. In this context, we propose an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) architecture to detect lethal attacks with a focus on two smart grid security issues: (i) Firstly, against integrity issue with price manipulation attack, we propose a Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) algorithm that detects this attack even with granular price changes; (ii) Secondly, the availability issue with Denial of Service (DoS) attack against which we develop an efficient method to monitor and detect any misbehaving node. Performance evaluations show the robustness of the proposed IDS system compared to existing mechanisms. The achieved detection rate is above 95% and the false positive rate is below 5%.