Danis K. Nurgaliev

Historical Y. pestis Genomes Reveal the European Black Death as the Source of Ancient and Modern Plague Pandemics

Ancient DNA analysis has revealed an involvement ofxa0the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis in several historical pandemics, including the second plague pandemic (Europe, mid-14(th) century Black Death until the mid-18(th) century AD). Here we present reconstructed Y.xa0pestis genomes from plague victims of the Black Death and two subsequent historical outbreaks spanning Europe and its vicinity, namely Barcelona, Spain (1300-1420 cal AD), Bolgar City, Russia (1362-1400 AD), and Ellwangen, Germany (1485-1627 cal AD). Our results provide support for (1) a single entry of Y.xa0pestis in Europe during the Black Death, (2) a wave of plague that traveled toward Asia to later become the source population for contemporary worldwide epidemics, and (3) the presence of an historical European plague focus involved in post-Black Death outbreaks that is now likely extinct.

Contribution of thermal analysis and kinetics of Siberian and Tatarstan regions crude oils for in situ combustion process

This research focused on the characterization and kinetics of Siberian and Tatarstan crude oils by gas chromatography, combustion calorimetry, and thermogravimetry (TG–DTG) techniques. Calorimetric experiments show that crude oil with higher saturate content and low resin fraction has higher heating value. TG–DTG curves indicates that the crude oils undergoes two major transitions when subjected to an oxidizing and constant rate environment known as low- and high-temperature oxidations at each heating rate studied. Kinetic analysis in the low- and high-temperature oxidation regions was performed using model-free methods knows as Ozawa–Flynn–Wall and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. Throughout the study, it was observed that the activation energy values of the crude oil samples are varied between 41–72 and 145–198xa0kJxa0mol−1 in low- and high-temperature oxidation regions, respectively.

Calorimetric study approach for crude oil combustion in the presence of clay as catalyst

ABSTRACT In this research, the effect of heating rate and different clay concentrations on light and heavy crude oils in limestone matrix was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In DSC experiments, two main distinct reaction regions were identified in all of the crude oil + limestone matrix + catalyst, known as low- and high-temperature oxidation respectively. It was observed that addition of clay to porous matrix significantly affected the thermal characteristics and kinetics of different origin crude oils. The Borchardt and Daniels and ASTM kinetic methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the samples. It was observed that activation energies generated for the high-temperature oxidation region for crude oil and crude oil + clay mixtures were in the range of 148–370 kJmol−1 for the Borchardt and Daniels method and 51–253 kJmol−1 for ASTM methods.

Chemical evaluation and kinetics of Siberian, north regions of Russia and Republic of Tatarstan crude oils

ABSTRACT In this research, thermal characteristics and model free kinetics of five different °American Petroleum Institute gravity crude oil samples from different locations were studied using combustion calorimetry and thermogravimetry (TGA) techniques. Higher heating values of crude oils were determined from the combustion calorimetry experiments. It was shown that these values increase with an increase in saturate fraction and °API gravity of studied samples and decrease with an increase in viscosity, aromatics fraction, and resin fraction of crude oils. In thermogravimetry, experiments were performed at 10, 20, and 30°C/min heating rates under an air atmosphere. Thermal characteristics of the samples such as reaction intervals and corresponding peak temperatures, mass loss, and residue of the crude oil samples were also determined. Two different model free kinetic methods, known as Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), were used in order to determine the activation energy values of the crude oil samples studied.

Characterization and Kinetics of Siberian and Tatarstan Regions Crude Oils Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

In this study, nonisothermal kinetics and thermal analysis of Siberian and Tatarstan regions crude oils is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates. DSC curves revealed two reaction regions in the temperature range of 20–600°C, known as low and high temperature oxidation, respectively. Three different kinetic methods (ASTM, Borchardt and Daniels, and Roger and Morris) were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the samples and it was observed that the activation energy values are varied.

Thermal, kinetics, and oxidation mechanism studies of light crude oils in limestone and sandstone matrix using TG-DTG-DTA: Effect of heating rate and mesh size

ABSTRACT This research was focused on the combustion kinetics and oxidation mechanisms of light crude oils in limestone and sandstone matrices. Similarity of the TGA-DTA curves was produced for different crude oils + limestone or sandstone mixtures indicates that the crude oil undergoes three major transitions, known as low-temperature oxidation, fuel deposition, and high-temperature oxidation when subjected to an oxidizing and constant rate environment. Kinetic analysis of the low- and high-temperature oxidation regions was performed using the ASTM and Arrhenius kinetic methods. In reaction mechanism of the combustion reactions, oxidation mechanisms, and rate-controlling steps of fluid-solid reactions in limestone matrix was also determined. It was observed that the linear behavior at elevated temperatures justifies the assumption that chemical reaction was the controlling step.

Mössbauer study of products of the thermocatalytic treatment of kerogen-containing rocks

To understand the mechanism of highly efficient catalyst formation from precursors, the active form of an iron-containing catalyst and kerogen samples from the Bazhen formation are studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. It is established that as a result of phase changes, the multicomponent precursors are transformed into mixed transition metal oxides. It is found that the thermocatalytic effect on pyrite-containing kerogen leads to the formation of pyrrhotite FeS1 − x and mixed oxides of iron.

Aquathermolysis of heavy oil in reservoir conditions with the use of oil-soluble catalysts: part I – changes in composition of saturated hydrocarbons

Abstract This paper is devoted to the study of aquathermolysis processes of heavy oil produced by CSS technology on Boca de Jaruco oil field. Various catalysts based on cobalt, nickel, iron and copper were used for intensification of in-situ upgrading processes of heavy oil. The first paper in series is presented results of transformation of crude oil and its saturate fraction after thermal treatment with and without catalysts by SARA analysis, MALDI mass-spectrometry, FTIR-spectroscopy and gas chromatography. It is revealed, that catalysts provide more deep conversion of asphaltenes and resins into lighter hydrocarbons. Particularly, for the given heavy oil, catalysts based on iron and nickel organic salts are more effective to reduce the content of high molecular weight components (asphaltenes). Saturates fraction after thermal treatment in presence of the catalysts is enriched with lighter alkanes in comparison to the crude oil treated without catalysts. Obtained results show that crude oil recovered by catalytic aquathermolysis processes will be better quality than the original oil in the place.

Aquathermolysis of heavy oil in reservoir conditions with the use of oil-soluble catalysts: part III – changes in composition resins and asphaltenes

Abstract This paper discusses aquathermolysis process of heavy crude oil from Boca de Jaruco reservoir, which is developed by CSS method. The catalysts based on cobalt, nickel, iron and cupper are used to intensify the in-situ conversion processes. The active form of catalysts generates after steam injection. The third part of paper discusses conversion of resins and asphaltenes. The influence of thermo-catalytic conditions and composition of catalysts are also studied. The destruction of resins and asphaltenes are observed after thermocatalytic treatments. The changes in composition of resins and asphaltenes are revealed by IR-spectroscopy data.

Application of different EOR techniques for the energy and recovery of Ashal’cha oil field

ABSTRACT In this research, utilizing the reservoir and produced oil data, different enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques known as in-situ combustion, CO2 flooding, and steam flooding were applied for Ashal’cha oil field in Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. For this purpose, In-Situ Combustion Predictive Model (ICPM), CO2 Miscible Flood Predictive Model (CO2PM) and Steam-flood Predictive Model (SFPM) are used. In addition to oil recovery, economic analysis of the discussed EOR applications was also conducted. By using the oil price forecast for 10 years, each EOR method is analyzed using their expenses and outcomes separately. Comparison among the EOR applications regarding the oil production, and economic feasibility was also given. Taking the reservoir and produced oil characteristics, oil production rate and economical payout time into account, it was observed that in-situ combustion is the most feasible and practical EOR method for Ashal’cha oil field.