Danish Mahmood

Routing Load of Route Calculation and Route Maintenance in Wireless Proactive Routing Protocols

This paper presents mathematical framework and study of proactive routing Protocols. The performance analysis of three major proactive routing protocols: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) are under consideration in this work. Taking these routing protocols into account, we enhance existing framework. In the next step we further discuss and produce analytical framework by considering variations in different network and protocol parameters. Finally, experiments are performed regarding above mentioned routing protocols followed with detailed comparison and analysis of different environments.

Analyzing and Evaluating Contention Access Period of Slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE802.15.4☆

Abstract IEEE standard 802.15.4 is widely studied due to its huge applicability. This vary study is based upon analyzing techniques and methodology discussed in IEEE 802.15.4 standard in context of contention access period. According to standard specifications, there are two minor differences in CSMA / CA algorithm used in CAP along with different frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are accepted in different geographical regions of this world. Considering medium access algorithm used, one flavor supports ACK frame after successful transmission and other do not. ACK mode of CSMA / CA is widely analyzed analytically and simulated in earlier conducted researches,however, there is no study discussing behaviour of non-ACK mode. This non-ACK mode is prescribed as a different flavor in IEEE 802.15.4 for applications that do not focus on taking ACK packet after every transmission. In this work, we modify a markov chain model for non-ACK mode and compare both modes analytically followed by extensive simulations and discussions. For health care applications ACK mode shows its worth however, in streaming data or playing games, non-ACK mode can be preferred due to its lower delay, higher throughput and lower control load.

Routing Load of Route Discovery and Route Maintenance in Wireless Reactive Routing Protocols

In this paper, we present analytical study of routing overhead of reactive routing protocols for Wireless Multihop Networks (WMhNs). To accomplish the framework of generalized routing overhead, we choose Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET on Demand (DYMO). Considering basic themes of these protocols, we enhance the generalized network models by adding route monitoring overhead. Later, we take different network parameters and produce framework discussing the impact of variations of these parameters in network and routing performance. In the second part of our work, we simulate above mentioned routing protocols and give a brief discussion and comparison about the environments where these routing protocols perform better.

Home Energy Management Using Multi Agent System for Web Based Grids

Smart grids can be regarded as the revolution in traditional power grids due to integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Distributed systems and Computational Intelligence (CI) algorithms in existing infrastructure. Such advancements make it possible to monitor real time power patterns, articulate numerous Demand Response (DR) programs for demand side management and manage/ monitor energy by distributed sources, i.e., networked grid environment. A big centralized grid is in process of replacement with distributed small scale grids that are interconnected together forming a networked grid. Multi Agent System (MAS) is a mature technique that offers flexibility, portability and reusability as key features and has taken focus of researchers for smart grid applications. In this paper, considering futuristic approach and MAS technology, a review of state of the art literature is presented.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Management Solutions Focusing Practical Implementation

This work analyzes major energy management solutions in terms of their practical implementation. Every EMS proposed has its own merits and demerits. Energy management solutions are based upon 4 major categories i.e., EMS by a sensor network, EMS by using optimization technique, EMS by merging sensory information with optimization algorithm to yield better energy efficiency and integrating small scale micro grids at demand side to optimize energy preservation. Load shifting to low peak or low priced hours in such a way that user comfort is not much compromised is an NP-hard problem. Nature inspired evolutionary algorithms proves their worth in solving such problems. In this work, we focus mainly on energy and cost optimization with respect to above mentioned all categories that provide energy management solutions. Extensive simulations are conducted regarding each catagory to investigate impact of each regarding cost and energy savings.

Data fusion for orientation sensing in wireless body area sensor networks using smart phones

Abstract Information coming from different sources may contradict each other. Striving to reach an optimal and precise decision that may be very crucial in nature, gives birth to the concept of information or data fusion. Amongst the many problems, orientation sensing is a vital one that needs to be tackled. Orientation sensing has been used for a long time. The first man on moon, Neil Armstrong landed there by applying a Data Fusion Algorithm (DFA) based upon orientation sensors on navigational computer of his spaceship Apollo. Most importantly he succeeded in landing back on earth. However, with the emergence of new technologies such as Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs), new challenges are presented. Combining data from different sensors to use in the most efficient and desirable fashion is one of the key challenges. Numerous algorithms have been developed and now there is a need to sort out which algorithm best suits some of the predefined problems. Smart phones that have built in orientation sensors are replacing expensive and complex Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) which are designed for a specific scenario. Orientation sensing in WBASN has numerous applications. In e-Health applications, investigation of rehabilitation in backbone injuries can be measured using continuous reading of posture, or the motion disorder of a limb can be analyzed, etc. For this type of analysis gyroscopes and accelerometers are key sensors and play a vital role. This type of data fusion is already being used, such as in robot and air craft technology. However, considering human body movements, there is a need to find an accurate fusion algorithm that meets all the demands but is low in complexity. In this chapter, initially Data Fusion and DFAs are discussed in relation to WBASNs. Furthermore, keeping orientation sensing in focus, two well-known algorithms, ie, Kalman and Complementary data fusion techniques, are compared in the context of wireless body area sensor fusion (WBASF). According to our findings, the Kalman Filter may have given very good results regarding machines, however, the Complementary Filter proved itself better in performance, complexity and required computational power in WBASNs.

Multilevel Routing Protocol for Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

The main purpose of the Wireless Sensor Network protocols is to enhance the network life time and balance the energy consumption in network. Sensor nodes send their data to the BS. So the nodes which are far away from the BS need more energy to send data. To overcome this problem we introduce a multilevel hierarchical protocol which enhances network lifetime and balance energy consumption. Initially, we introduce up to 5 levels in which whole network is divided into different levels based on the distance of node from the BS. We evaluate our protocol performance with LEACH and with 2, 3, 4, and 5 level schemes. We observe that our proposed technique outperforms LEACH protocol in life-time of the network, energy consumption, throughput and delay of the packets. Simulation results prove increase network Life time and high throughput with minimum delay.

On Data Fusion for Orientation Sensing in WBASNs Using Smart Phones

Orientation sensing is not a new concept. It is being used since ages however, with emergence of new technologies such as Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs), it gives new challenges. Commencement of smart phones that have built in orientation sensors are replacing expensive and complex Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) designed for a specific purpose. Orientation sensing in WBASN have numerous applications. In e-health applications, rehabilitation investigation of backbone injuries can be measured by continues readings of posture. For that, gyroscopes and accelerometers are key sensors that play vital role. For machines such as robots and air crafts, such data fusion is in practice. However, considering human body movements yet there is a need to find an accurate fusion algorithm that meets all demands with low complexity. In this work, we discussed and compared two algorithms considering Wireless Body Area Sensor Fusion (WBASF) i.e. Kalman and Complementary data fusion techniques. According to our findings, Kalman Filter may have given very good results regarding machines however, Complementary filter proved itself better in performance, complexity and required computational power in WBASNs.

Investigating Impact of ACK in Non-beacon Enabled Slotted IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 standard is gaining attention of researchers day by day due to its wide application arena. Till now numerous studies have conducted and yet lot more is in progress for understanding and rounding off sharp edges of this standard. This study briefly describes the standard i.e. IEEE 802.15.4 and explicitly non-beacon enabled slotted CSMA/CA. In slotted or non-beacon enabled CSMA/CA there are further two flavors. One deals with transmission of an extra control packet (ACK frame) on successfully reception of data packet however, other flavor do not transmit any control packet representing successful transmission. In later part of this paper, extensive simulations are conducted in comparison with these two flavors. Our studies imply to use non-ACK mode in low scalable environment ensuring high probability of getting channel access, low delay and better good put.