Darío Fernández-Morera

The lyre and the oaten flute : Garcilaso and the pastoral

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Taking Latin America Seriously

Much academic writing about Latin America examines it from a statist viewpoint. Such bias perpetuates various clichés about this crucial region and forecloses alternative solutions to its problems. Elsewhere I have examined the reasons for this bias, but Professor Mark Falcoff’s excellent book constitutes an exception. Falcoff combines extensive readings with hands-on observations, covering many topics ranging from ideas and ideologies to economics, literature, and history in Latin America. His chapters on the Argentinian magazine Sur and on Juan Domingo Perón’s Argentina illustrate his multifaceted approach. Appearing from 1931 to 1970, Sur was enormously influential. On its pages young Latin American writers were published who later became famous, such as the Argentinians Jorge Luis Borges, Adolfo Bioy Casares, and Ezequiel Mart ṍ nez Estrada, the Mexicans Alfonso Reyes and Carlos Fuentes, and the Dominican Pedro Enrṍ quez Ureña. Sur brought to Argentinians the best among contemporary foreign writers, often translated into Spanish for the first time. It published 350 issues, some dedicated to a particular country, such as Japan, Brazil, the United States, or Israel. All featured essays, book and film reviews, short fiction, poetry, and art criticism. They included writers from the entire political spectrum: William Faulkner (translated by Borges), André Breton, Virginia Woolf, Graham Greene, André Malraux, FrancË ois Mauriac, Jacques Maritain, Alberto Moravia, Bertolt Brecht, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Antonio Gramsci, Thomas Mann, Rafael Alberti, Albert Camus ... Sur was founded and kept alive by a remarkable woman: Victoria Ocampo. Independent, strong, and beautiful, Ocampo is an extraordinary cultural figure, yet some sectors of the Latin American intelligentsia resent her because she represented an aristocratic, cosmopolitan, and liberal ideal of culture at odds with populism and nationalism. General Perón and his wife Evita despised Ocampo. Under their rule persons associated with Sur were harassed and sometimes fired. Borges lost his job at the National Library and was humiliated by being named a poultry inspector in Buenos Aires’ public markets. Ocampo was briefly incarcerated with common criminals and prostitutes. These actions were part of Juan and Evita’s efforts to achieve social justice. Other actions included buying seats for factory workers at the Buenos Aires opera house next to seats held by wealthy Argentinians—to épater le bourgeois; massive spending on public works (roads, bridges, schools, hospitals); favoring some groups (such as children of immigrants, many of whom became wealthy industrialists and professionals) over others (such as landowners and older businesses); giving clout to the Peronist labor unions while persecuting the independent unions; harassing the opposition press; firing unsympathetic university professors; allocating lavish subsidies for Peronist-favored cultural activities; and relentlessly letting poor people know that the government felt their pain.

Bentham against Empire

The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Colonies, Commerce and Constitutional Law: Rid Yourselves of Ultramaria and Other Writings on Spain and Spanish America. Edited by Philip Schofield (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), lxv + 468 pp., £60.00.