Darryl Leiter

Evidence for Intrinsic Magnetic Moments in Black Hole Candidates

We present evidence that the power-law part of the quiescent X-ray emissions of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries is magnetospheric in origin. It can be very accurately calculated from known rates of spin and magnetic moments obtained from the ~103-104 times brighter luminosity at the hard spectral state transition. This strongly suggests that the spectral state transition to the low hard state for neutron stars is a magnetospheric propeller effect. We test the hypothesis that the similar spectral state switches and that quiescent power-law emissions of the black hole candidates might be magnetospheric effects. In the process we derive proposed magnetic moments and rates of spin for them and accurately predict their quiescent luminosities. This constitutes an observational test for the physical realization of event horizons and suggests that they may not be formed during the gravitational collapse of ordinary matter.

Observations Supporting the Existence of an Intrinsic Magnetic Moment inside the Central Compact Object within the Quasar Q0957+561

Recent brightness fluctuation and autocorrelation analysis of time series data and microlensing size scales, seen in Q0957+561A and B, have produced important information about the existence and characteristic physical dimensions of a new nonstandard magnetically dominated internal structure contained within this quasar. This new internal quasar structure, which we call the Schild-Vakulik structure, can be consistently explained in terms of a new class of gravitationally collapsing solutions to the Einstein field equations that describe highly redshifted Eddington-limited magnetospheric eternally collapsing objects that contain intrinsic magnetic moments. Since observations of the Schild-Vakulik structure within Q0957+561 imply that this quasar contains an observable intrinsic magnetic moment, this represents strong evidence that the quasar does not have an event horizon.

Constraints on possible precursor AGN sources of the cosmic X-ray background

New limits on small-scale surface brightness fluctuations of the residual cosmic X-ray background are used to reevaluate the conjecture that unresolved precursor AGN sources could be the origin of the flux. The large number of these predominantly X-ray-emitting objects thereby required imposes that their lifetime be longer than previously considered. Attention is drawn to the fact that the reduction in the effective Eddington luminosity limit for such sources due to electron-positron pair opacity could have the effect of increasing their lifetime to an appropriate level. 24 references.

On Intrinsic Magnetic Moments in Black Hole Candidates

In previous work we found that many of the spectral properties of low mass x-ray binaries, including galactic black hole candidates could be explained by a magnetic propeller model that requires an intrinsically magnetized central object. Here we describe how the Einstein field equations of General Relativity and equipartition magnetic fields permit the existence of highly red shifted, extremely long lived, collapsing, radiating objects. We examine the properties of these collapsed objects and discuss characteristics that might lead to their confirmation as the source of black hole candidate phenomena.

On the origin of the universal radio–X-ray luminosity correlation in black hole candidates

In previous work, we found that the spectral state switch and other spectral properties of both neutron stars (NSs) and galactic black hole candidates (GBHCs) in low-mass X-ray binary systems could be explained by a magnetic propeller effect that requires an intrinsically magnetic central compact object. In later work, we showed that intrinsically magnetic GBHCs could be easily accommodated by general relativity in terms of magnetospheric eternally collapsing objects (MECOs), with lifetimes greater than a Hubble time, and examined some of their spectral properties. In this work, we show how a standard thin accretion disc and corona can interact with the central magnetic field in atoll class NSs, and GBHCs and active galactic nuclei (AGN) modelled as MECOs, to produce jets that emit radio to infrared luminosity L R that is correlated with mass and X-ray luminosity as L R oc M 0.75-0.92 L 2/3 x up to a mass scale invariant cut-off at the spectral state switch. Comparing the MECO-GBHC/AGN model to observations, we find that the correlation exponent, the mass scale invariant cut-off and the radio luminosity ratios of AGN, GBHCs and atoll class NSs are correctly predicted, which strongly implies that GBHCs and AGN have observable intrinsic magnetic moments and hence do not have event horizons.

Does the Principle of Equivalence Prohibit Trapped Surfaces from Forming in the General Relativistic Collapse Process

It has recently been shown that time-like spherical collapse of a physical fluid in General Relativity does not permit formation of “trapped surfaces.” This result followed from the fact that the formation of a trapped surface in a physical fluid would cause the time-like world lines of the collapsing fluid to become null at the would-be trapped surface, thus violating the Principle of Equivalence in General Theory of Relativity (GTR). For the case of the spherical collapse of a physical fluid, the “no trapped surface condition” 2GM(r, t)/R(r, t) c2<1 was found to be required to be satisfied in all regions of spacetime, where R(r, t) is the invariant circumference variable, r is a co-moving radial coordinate and M(r, t) is the gravitational mass confined within the radius r. The above result was obtained by treating the problem from the viewpoint of an internal co-moving observer at radius r. The boundary of the fluid at rs=Rs(rs, t) must also behave in a similar manner, and an external stationary observer should be able to obtain a similar “no trapped surface” relationship. Accordingly, we generalize this analysis by studying the problem of a time-like collapsing radiating plasma from the point of view of the exterior stationary observer. We find the Principle of Equivalence implies that the physical surface surrounding the plasma must obey 1/(1+zs)>0, where zs is the surface red shift seen by a zero-angular momentum observer. When this condition is applied to the first integral of the time-time component of the Einstein equation, it leads to the “no trapped surface condition” 2GM(rs, t)/R(rs, t) c2<1 consistent with the condition obtained above for the interior co-moving metric. The Principle of Equivalence enforces the “no trapped surface condition” by constraining the physics of the general relativistic radiation transfer process in a manner that requires it to establish and maintain an Eddington limited secular equilibrium on the dynamics of the collapsing radiating surface so as to always keep the physical surface of the collapsing object outside of its Schwarzschild radius. The important physical implication of the “no trapped surface condition” is that galactic black hole candidates GBHC do not possess event horizons and hence do possess intrinsic magnetic fields. In this context the spectral characteristics of galactic black hole candidates offer strong evidence that their central nuclei are highly red-shifted Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECO) within the framework of General Relativity.

On the origin of irreversibility in classical electrodynamic measurement processes

AbstractWe present a new formalism for the microscopic classical electrodynamics of point charges in which the dynamic absence of self-interactions is enforced by the action principle, without eliminating the field degrees of freedom. In this context, free local radiation fields are dynamically prohibited. Instead radiation is carried by charge-field functionals of the current which have a negative parity under mathematical time reversal. This leads to the dynamic requirement of a physical time arrow in the equations of motion in order to preserve the overall mathphysical time-reversal symmetry of the formalism. Since this physical time arrow emerges electrodynamically without the need of external thermodynamic or cosmological criteria, it offers a dynamical explanation for the origin of irreversibility in classical electrodynamic measurement processes. “Science, like the arts, admits aesthetic criteria; it seeks theories that display ‘a proper conformity of the parts to one another and to the whole’ while still showing some strangeness in their proportion”—S. Chandrasekar.

The Cosmic X-ray background as a measure of history

Analysis of the cosmic X-ray background within the context of accretion driven AGN indicates that most black hole galactic nuclei must be dormant at present but suggests that they were X-ray bright during a brief epoch signaling an early phase of galaxy formation.

On a New, Finite, “Charge-Field” Formulation of Classical Electrodynamics

The “charge-field” approach to electrodynamic processes is based on the paradigm that charges and their associated electromagnetic fields are permanently connected in elementary charge-field functional structures, with physical processes being described by the interactions between various charge-field entities in the system. The new formulation of interest to us here, called classical elementary measurement electrodynamics (CEMED),(1) resembles Maxwell-Lorentz theory in that the fields connected to each charge are not eliminated, but differs in that each charge carries its own Maxwell field equation (i.e., N charges and N Maxwell “charge-fields,” each with its own Maxwell field equation, and requiring its own independent set of boundary conditions). It resembles a direct-action theory in that only interparticle interactions play a role in the formalism, with no self-Coulomb interactions at the classical level, and that all free fields uncoupled to charges are absent from the theory. However, it differs from standard Fokker-type direct-action theories(2) in that the coupled fields are still present, i.e., not eliminated a priori as dynamical variables. The reason this can be done is that the Maxwell field equations (one for each charged particle) are treated like identities which prescribe how fields are functionals of the currents (i.e., the Maxwell equations are treated like constraints on the particle dynamics, with free fields playing no role in the formalism since they don’t represent an interaction between charges). This direct (charge-field) action formalism with the requirements of positive definite energy and causality(3) yields a theory which is in complete agreement with that of renormalized Maxwell-Lorentz theory but without any infinite renormalizations being required.

Spectral‐luminosity evolution of active galactic nuclei (AGN)

AGN Spectral/Luminosity evolution is an elegant mechanism that can be used to explain the origin of the cosmic X‐ and gamma ray backgrounds.