David C. Hammack

Philanthropic Giving: Studies in Varieties and Goals.

This study illuminates various methods of, and influences on, the main sources of private giving--both individual and institutional--to educational, cultural, and charitable causes. Magat here presents an interdisciplinary collection of papers that explore the historical and individual origins of giving, the various avenues by which contributions reach their intended beneficiaries, and the consequences of the philanthropic tradition.

Nonprofit Organizations in American History Research Opportunities and Sources

Every question concerning U.S. nonprofit organizations and its nonprofit sector as a whole has a historical dimension. Changing state and federal laws have always determined both what nonprofit corporations and associations can do and who can join and lead them. Conflicts over individual freedom, the nature of government, the role of various religions, race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other matters have always shaped these laws. Learning about the nonprofit sector has just begun, but large numbers of books and data sources—many noted in this article—are relevant. Numbers of nonprofit employees grew from near zero to 1% of the U.S. labor force in 1900, to 3% in 1960, and 9% in 2000. Consumer wealth, steadily increasing government subsidies, and expanded individual rights explain the growth. The sector limits religious and other cultural conflicts and promotes diversity, while increasing inequality.

Introduction: Growth, Transformation, and Quiet Revolution in the Nonprofit Sector Over Two Centuries

• Formal nonprofit, nongovernment organizations in the United States and other nations have been shaped by national development over a long period of time, beginning not later than the early 19th century; • relations between church and state have powerfully shaped nonprofit activity; • nonprofit, voluntary, and mutual benefit activities of many kinds have waxed and waned over the years; and • nonprofit activity, as a whole, grew slowly from the beginning of the 19th century to about 1960, but amid considerable controversy, has grown much more rapidly in recent years.

Boston, 1700-1980 : the evolution of urban politics

Introduction -- Town meeting politics in colonial and revolutionary Boston / G.B. Warden -- Boston, 1800-1840 From deferential-participant to party politics / Ronald P. Formisano -- The politics of the Boston Brahmins / Frederic Cople Jaher -- Yankee leadership in a divided city, 1860-1890 / Geoffrey Blodgett -- From party to factions / Paul Kleppner -- The irony of progressive reform / Constance K. Burns -- Curley of Boston: the search for Irish legitimacy / Charles H. Trout -- Bostons Irish mayors / William V. Shannon -- Bostons Kevin White, a mayor who survives / Martha W. Weinberg -- All in the family: the dilemmas of busing and the conflict of values / J. Anthony Lukas -- Conclusion / by Ronald P. Formisano.

Foundations in the United States: Dimensions for International Comparison

The United States offers a challenging case for the comparative study of philanthropic foundations. Depending on definition, foundation numbers total 80,000 or 130,000. They hold comparatively large assets per capita, though they vary enormously in assets; most are quite small, and compared with government and profit-seeking business, their wealth and their influence are very limited. Public controversies shape and confuse much of the discussion about them: the increasing inequality in the distribution of wealth, the continuing subordination of people of color and women, the impact of money on elections and on public policies and international relations, the prominence of the largest endowed, nonprofit universities and hospitals. Seeking to evaluate the critiques as well as the foundations’ positive contributions, the U.S. researcher encounters all “the combined complexities” that bedevil comparative international studies of foundations. Deriving their corporate charters from the states, they operate under diverse legal environments and vary in self-understanding and operations. American foundations prize their autonomy, though regulation denies them the privacies and choices available to business firms and the superrich. Historically close affiliations with religion brings many funds under constitutional provisions that restrict public access to information. Although the data are incomplete and superficial, high-quality nonprofit websites and archives do provide much federally mandated and other data. Focusing more on change and the protection of values than on relief of basic need, they underwrite highly diverse and competing purposes; many of them promote the leading universities, hospitals, and arts organizations in their home regions. Recent donors, determined to achieve defined outcomes, have increasingly used community foundation or commercial advised funds rather than independent foundations. Finding that their resources are too limited to advance favored policy or social changes, a number of celebrated funds have recently sought to increase their influence through expertise, collaboration with communities and other organizations including businesses, supplementing grants with loans, and other initiatives.

The Legacy of Robert Bremner's American Philanthropy

have done since American Philanthropy. This is not to say that these two books have confined Bremner to the dust heap. The general reader and scholars in other fields of philanthropy still do not get the well integrated narrative that a single or coauthored history could provide. For all of Hammack’s efforts and my own, we still lack a good Bremner-like accessible, streamlined narrative that is crafted with literary skill and human interest. Perhaps such a volume is more possible today than it has been in the past. But that is hardly cause for self-congratulatory complacency.

Power and Society: Greater New York at the Turn of the Century@@@Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920

Preface Part I. The State-Building Problem in American Political Development: 1. The new state and American political development 2. The early American state Part II. State Building as Patchwork, 1877-1900: 3. Patching civil administration: the limits of reform in the party state 4. Patching the army: the limits of provincial virtue 5. Patching business regulation: the failure of administered capitalism Part III. State Building as Reconstitution, 1900-1920: 6. Reconstituting civil administration: economy, efficiency, and the repoliticization of American bureaucracy 7. Reconstituting the army: professionalism, nationalism, and the illusion of corporatism 8. Reconstituting business regulation: administrative justice, scientific management, and the triumph of the independent commission Epilogue Notes Selected bibliography Index.