David Firth

Iridovirus and Microsporidian Linked to Honey Bee Colony Decline

Background In 2010 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), again devastated honey bee colonies in the USA, indicating that the problem is neither diminishing nor has it been resolved. Many CCD investigations, using sensitive genome-based methods, have found small RNA bee viruses and the microsporidia, Nosema apis and N. ceranae in healthy and collapsing colonies alike with no single pathogen firmly linked to honey bee losses. Methodology/Principal Findings We used Mass spectrometry-based proteomics (MSP) to identify and quantify thousands of proteins from healthy and collapsing bee colonies. MSP revealed two unreported RNA viruses in North American honey bees, Varroa destructor-1 virus and Kakugo virus, and identified an invertebrate iridescent virus (IIV) (Iridoviridae) associated with CCD colonies. Prevalence of IIV significantly discriminated among strong, failing, and collapsed colonies. In addition, bees in failing colonies contained not only IIV, but also Nosema. Co-occurrence of these microbes consistently marked CCD in (1) bees from commercial apiaries sampled across the U.S. in 2006–2007, (2) bees sequentially sampled as the disorder progressed in an observation hive colony in 2008, and (3) bees from a recurrence of CCD in Florida in 2009. The pathogen pairing was not observed in samples from colonies with no history of CCD, namely bees from Australia and a large, non-migratory beekeeping business in Montana. Laboratory cage trials with a strain of IIV type 6 and Nosema ceranae confirmed that co-infection with these two pathogens was more lethal to bees than either pathogen alone. Conclusions/Significance These findings implicate co-infection by IIV and Nosema with honey bee colony decline, giving credence to older research pointing to IIV, interacting with Nosema and mites, as probable cause of bee losses in the USA, Europe, and Asia. We next need to characterize the IIV and Nosema that we detected and develop management practices to reduce honey bee losses.

Predicting Internet-based Online Community Size and Time to Peak Membership Using the Bass Model of New Product Growth

The objective of this paper is to use a well-established theory of new product diffusion and show how it can be applied to cyber communities to forecast how many people will join the community, and how long it will take to attain peak membership. We use three online communities to illustrate the application of the theory, and show how the theory can be used to measure community size and time to peak membership for these communities. We show that the model can be used to delineate the two different types of influence (internal and external) that impact joining the communities. The paper is appropriate for researchers wishing to better understand the mechanics underlying online community growth, and for administrators of such communities who want to forecast the important aspects of size and peak adoption time.

Bees as Biosensors: Chemosensory Ability, Honey Bee Monitoring Systems, and Emergent Sensor Technologies Derived from the Pollinator Syndrome

This review focuses on critical milestones in the development path for the use of bees, mainly honey bees and bumble bees, as sentinels and biosensors. These keystone species comprise the most abundant pollinators of agro-ecosystems. Pollinating 70%–80% of flowering terrestrial plants, bees and other insects propel the reproduction and survival of plants and themselves, as well as improve the quantity and quality of seeds, nuts, and fruits that feed birds, wildlife, and us. Flowers provide insects with energy, nutrients, and shelter, while pollinators are essential to global ecosystem productivity and stability. A rich and diverse milieu of chemical signals establishes and maintains this intimate partnership. Observations of bee odor search behavior extend back to Aristotle. In the past two decades great strides have been made in methods and instrumentation for the study and exploitation of bee search behavior and for examining intra-organismal chemical communication signals. In particular, bees can be trained to search for and localize sources for a variety of chemicals, which when coupled with emerging tracking and mapping technologies create novel potential for research, as well as bee and crop management.

A Comprehensive Framework to Enhance the Effectiveness of the Recruiting Experience for Data Science Graduates

The allure of the IS major depends on the successful placements of recent IS graduates in rewarding careers. The rise of the data science field provides an opportunity to rebrand and rebuild IS departments using the careerplacement successes of IS graduates as a springboard. This paper describes a framework that IS departments can use to coordinate between the employer demand side and the graduate supply side of the data science job market. We developed the framework based on empirical evidence gained over several years in successfully placing IS graduates into IS consulting firms across the US. The framework contains four different perspectives: the university IS department, the organizations hiring IS graduates, the IS graduates themselves, and career-development professionals at the university and college level. IS departments seeking to place their graduates in the data science field can use this framework.