David G. H. Tan

ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century

AbstractThe ECMWF twentieth century reanalysis (ERA-20C; 1900–2010) assimilates surface pressure and marine wind observations. The reanalysis is single-member, and the background errors are spatiotemporally varying, derived from an ensemble. The atmospheric general circulation model uses the same configuration as the control member of the ERA-20CM ensemble, forced by observationally based analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice cover, atmospheric composition changes, and solar forcing. The resulting climate trend estimations resemble ERA-20CM for temperature and the water cycle. The ERA-20C water cycle features stable precipitation minus evaporation global averages and no spurious jumps or trends. The assimilation of observations adds realism on synoptic time scales as compared to ERA-20CM in regions that are sufficiently well observed. Comparing to nighttime ship observations, ERA-20C air temperatures are 1 K colder. Generally, the synoptic quality of the product and the agreement in terms of climat...

The ADM-Aeolus wind retrieval algorithms

The ADM-Aeolus is primarily a research and demonstration mission flying the first Doppler wind lidar in space. Flexible data processing tools are being developed for use in the operational ground segment and by the meteorological community. We present the algorithms developed to retrieve accurate and representative wind profiles, suitable for assimilation in numerical weather prediction. The algorithms provide a flexible framework for classification and weighting of measurement-scale (1–10 km) data into aggregated, observation-scale (50 km) wind profiles for assimilation. The algorithms account for temperature and pressure effects in the molecular backscatter signal, and so the main remaining scientific challenge is to produce representative winds in inhomogeneous atmospheric conditions, such as strong wind shear, broken clouds, and aerosol layers. The Aeolus instrument provides separate measurements in Rayleigh and Mie channels, representing molecular (clear air) and particulate (aerosol and clouds) backscatter, respectively. The combining of information from the two channels offers possibilities to detect and flag difficult, inhomogeneous conditions. The functionality of a baseline version of the developed software has been demonstrated based on simulation of idealized cases.

Comments on “The Impact of Doppler Lidar Wind Observations on a Single-Level Meteorological Analysis”

The paper by Riishojgaard et al. (2004) investigates the assimilation and impact of prospective Doppler wind lidar (DWL) line-of-sight (LOS) single-perspective winds in meteorological analysis. It is argued that single-component wind observations are far less effective in reducing wind analysis error than vector wind information. This work has relevance because the prospects are good that space-based DWL instruments will provide accurate wind profiles of single-perspective LOS wind profile measurements in the future. Riishojgaard et al. rightly argue that the usefulness of such winds needs to be well addressed in the design phase of space missions. The forthcoming European Space Agency Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM), called Aeolus, is referred to in this context. The Riishojgaard et al. study is carried out in an idealized and very simplified framework. Our concerns are 1) that the simple framework poorly represents the characteristics of a state-of-the-art global data assimilation system for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and 2) that the DWL scenarios that are discussed have abundant and unrealistic coverage and quality. As such, their conclusions may be misleading for, and contribute little toward, the critical design considerations for an affordable space-based DWL. The results (and the quality of the analyzed wind fields) could be far more realistic and, in our view, far more favorable for LOS winds in a more carefully designed experiment. The NWP analysis problem would be severely underdetermined if it were based on the observations alone. To overcome this problem, data assimilation typically combines the information provided by the relatively sparse observations with a short-range forecast on a dense grid (Daley 1991). Because the NWP model state is poorly observed, it is critical that local observation increments are carefully distributed spatially in a wider area. This process is done based on statistical knowledge of the background error structures. In a fourdimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) analysis system, information on the temporal evolution of the model state is also exploited. Around any local observation, information on the multivariate spatial correlation of the background errors, as represented in the background-error covariance matrix B, is used to provide a spatially coherent update of the model atmospheric state. For LOS wind analysis, the B covariance structures are crucial in both spatially interpolating the observed wind component and inferring the spatial pattern of the unobserved component of wind as well as the associated temperature and pressure increments. The design of the B matrix and the sampling strategy of the DWL space mission are the two most important factors that determine the impact of the data, both in real application and within the simplified framework of Riishojgaard et al. In the case in which B is poor, this would generally result in spatially poor analyses, especially when the observations are sparse or when one or several analysis variables are unobserved. In a relatively dense observation network, on the other hand, the multivariate spatial structures associated with many observations will overlap and the effect of an imperfect B will diminish (by oversampling). Our specific comments are in two areas. The first is that the Riishojgaard et al. paper uses a synthetic vortex Corresponding author address: Dr. Ad Stoffelen, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Postbus 201, 3730 AE de Bilt, Netherlands. E-mail: ad.stoffelen@knmi.nl 1276 J O U R N A L O F A P P L I E D M E T E O R O L O G Y VOLUME 44