David G. Herr

Multigenerational effects of flowering and fruiting phenology in Plantago lanceolata

Phenological patterns of flowering and fruiting can be influenced by the effects of reproductive time on seed production. We propose here that these patterns are also influenced by phenological effects on offspring quality. Furthermore, we hypothesize that there are cross-generational trade-offs between parental and offspring components of parental fitness influencing the evolution of reproductive phenology. To test our hypothesis, we examined the multigenerational effects of flowering and fruiting phenology in Plantago lanceolata. Offspring of 30 families were transplanted into field plots to measure the effects of onsets of flowering and fruiting, duration of fruiting, percentage fungal infection, and damage by grasshoppers on total seed production, our measure of the within-generational component of parental fitness. To gather information about cross-generational contributions to parental fitness, we assessed the quality of off- spring produced at different times in terms of seed mass and germination. Families significantly differed in flowering and fruiting onsets. Larger plants began flowering earlier, and earlier flowering plants matured fruits earlier and produced fruits for a longer time. Significant family-mean correlations among these traits suggest that selection on any one trait will change all three traits. A negative family-mean correlation between fruiting onset and seed production suggests that we can expect an antagonistic trade-off in response to selection on these two traits. Early fruiting significantly reduced seed predation by grasshoppers and increased seed production. In contrast, late-maturing seeds were sig- nificantly heavier and germinated more rapidly than did early-maturing seeds produced by the same plants. The directions of the multigenerational effects support the hypothesis that there are cross-generational trade-offs between parental and offspring components of pa- rental fitness. The experiments indicate that multigenerational fitness effects should be considered in future studies addressing the evolution of flowering and fruiting phenology.

PARENTAL EFFECTS IN PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. III. MEASURING PARENTAL TEMPERATURE EFFECTS IN THE FIELD

Abstract. To determine the evolutionary importance of parental environmental effects in natural populations, we must begin to measure the magnitude of these effects in the field. For this reason, we conducted a combined growth chamber‐field experiment to measure parental temperature effects in Plantago lanceolata. We grew in the field offspring of controlled crosses of chamber‐grown parents subjected to six temperature treatments. Each treatment was characterized by a unique combination of maternal prezygotic (prior to fertilization), paternal prezygotic, and postzygotic (during fertilization and seed set) temperatures. Offspring were followed for three years to measure the effects of treatment on several life‐history traits and population growth rate, our estimate of fitness.

Female Collegiate Basketball Players' Perceptions About Their Bodies, Garment Fit and Uniform Design Preferences

Designing basketball uniforms for female athletes is a challenge for soft goods manufacturers. Data were collected from 503 female collegiate basketball players concerning body cathexis, body form, garment fit satisfaction, uniform design preferences and demographic characteristics. Of the three areas of the body (upper, lower and total), players indicated they were most dissatisfied with parts of the lower body. Being in uniform did improve their perception of their bodies. Satisfaction with garment fit parallels satisfactionldissatisfaction with the body; the lower body area creates the greatest garment fit problems. The type of body form had a significant effect on both uniform fit satisfaction and uniform body cathexis. Fit satisfaction is the highest with the ectomorph body form. The differences were inverse: as the body increased in size, the lower the degree of satisfaction with garment fit and the body. Uniform preferences for the jersey were a deep V-neckline, sleeveless, and hip length with straight hemline and side vents. For the shorts, a baggy style with side v-vents at the hem, and a 1 1/2 or 2 inch wide, elastic drawstring waistband were selected. Implications for soft goods manufacturers are discussed.

On the History of ANOVA in Unbalanced, Factorial Designs: The First 30 Years

Abstract The history of the analysis of unbalanced factorial designs is traced from Yatess original papers (Yates 1933, 1934) to the beginning of the computational revolution in the 1960s. Emphasis is placed on putting the methods proposed during this period in perspective in view of our present understanding.

Phenotypic plasticity, parental effects, and parental care in plants? I. An examination of spike reflectance in Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)

We explore the relationships among phenotypic plasticity, parental effects, and parental care in plants by presenting data from four experiments examining reflectance/color patterns in Plantago lanceolata. In three experiments, we measured spike (inflorescence) reflectance between 362 and 850 nm using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Experiments show that (1) spike reflectance changes seasonally within and outside the visible portion of the spectrum of radiant energy, (2) increasing ambient temperature causes an individual plant to produce flowering and fruiting spikes that reflect more/lighten in color (the greatest changes occur in the regions around 550 nm and between 750 and 850 nm, the visible and near-infrared regions, respectively), (3) responses are reversible, (4) genotypes within populations and populations from different latitudes differ in mean reflectance and degree of phenotypic plasticity. In a fourth experiment, we measured internal spike temperature. Darker spikes, those produced at lower temperature, got hotter than did lighter spikes in full sun. Thus, plants can partially thermoregulate reproduction and the embryonic development of their offspring. In light of a previous experiment, data suggest that thermoregulation produces adaptive parental effects and is a mechanism by which P. lanceolata provides parental care.

On the History of the use of Geometry in the General Linear Model

Abstract The question of why a geometric or coordinate-free approach to linear models has been subordinated to an algebraic approach is considered by reviewing selected papers having a geometric slant. These begin with R.A. Fishers 1915 paper on the distribution of the correlation coefficient and continue through William Kruskals elegant 1975 paper on the geometry of generalized inverses. The thesis is put forward that the relative unpopularity of the geometric approach is not due to an inherent inferiority but rather to a combination of inertia, poor exposition, and a resistance to abstraction.

The relationship between psychological climate and work motivation in a retail environment

Among the antecedents of motivation, psychological climate has been regarded as one of the most significant contributors to an individuals motivation. This research uses the Vroom Expectancy Theory (VIE) of Work Motivation (1964) to examine the relationship between psychological climate and work motivation of management employees within the retail industry. Motivation was examined as an aggregate subject rather than looking at valence, instrumentality or expectancy. Resulting psychological climate subscales included a job characteristic, a supervisor characteristic and an organizational characteristic. Results confirm that an employees psychological climate beliefs have a significant effect on work motivation within the retail industry. By understanding the areas within psychological climate that effect work motivation, educators will be able to structure course content to assist students in developing a professional perspective. Human resources management can use this information to analyze the stores...

Counterexamples in unbalanced two-way analysis of variance

Recommended methods for analyzing unbalanced two-way data may be classified into two major categories:the parametric interpretation approach and the model comparison approach. Each approach has its advantages and its drawbacks. The main drawback of the parametric interpretation approach is non-orthogonality.For the model comparison approach the main drawback is the dependence of the hypothesis tested on the cell sizes. In this paper we provide examples to illustrate these drawbacks.

Exact methods in the unbalanced, two-way analysis of variance - a geometric view

In the days when analyses of variance were typically performed on a desk calculator, approximate methods such as unweighted means were generally preferred to exact least squares methods when dealin...

Consumer Behavior toward Recycled Textile Products

Numerous surveys show that consumers are concerned about the environment hut that their concern does not always lead to actions, such as the purchase of environmentally responsible products. It is the intent of this study to assess the impact of extrinsic cues such as price and environmental-labeling information on consumer-purchase decisions. A simulated retail setting was used for data collection. Price had a major influence on the purchase of the recycled textile products. The patterns of purchase varied by gender. No effects were found for level of income or attitudes. The results reinforce evidence of the limited effectiveness of labeling and suggest that manufacturers may need to find a more effective means of encouraging consumers to purchase recycled textile products.