David J. Eaton

Selecting sites for rural health workers

This paper presents a computerized technique for selecting health center sites that can be applied by health planners in a variety of political, geographic, and social settings. This method is illustrated with results from a planning application in rural Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

The short-term and long-term ramifications of linkages involving natural resources: the US^Mexico transboundary water case

Issue linkage is often recommended as a strategy for enhancing cooperation. Lately it has been suggested that this strategy could also be applied to the management of transboundary natural resources. The authors examine the viability of this suggestion. They argue that in the case of natural resources such a linkage may have both short-term and long-term implications. Essentially, by constraining the options available to the various parties, such linkages limit ability to adapt management regimes to changes in the environment; thereby, they limit the ability to address environmental stresses and crises. These negative implications may be redressed by mechanisms that will allow the parties to adapt the linkage to new conditions and by tactics that reduce the political cost of a linkage strategy. The authors focus on the negotiation process concerning US–Mexico transboundary water, which was based on a long-term spatial linkage combining the waters of the Colorado River and those of the Rio Grande. This spatial linkage was advanced by a short-term issue linkage, in which the Mexican government supported the establishment of the United Nations in return for the US federal governments willingness to accept the spatial linkage. These linkages were found to have both short-term and long-term adverse implications. The short-term implications were delays in negotiations, inconsistency in the legal doctrines held by the different parties during the negotiation, and a threat to sovereignty. The main long-term implication identified is the current inability of Mexico to adapt the linkage in response to the ten-year drought along the Rio Grande, as manifest in the inability of Mexico to meet its water obligations to the USA along the Rio Grande. This has resulted in a controversy between Mexico and the USA, and between the Mexican federal government and the Mexican border states. It is suggested that flexibility provisions be included when linkages involving natural resources are advanced, so that the necessary adaptations in regimes management will be allowed for without necessitating a renegotiation of the treaty.

Water sharing between India and Pakistan: a critical evaluation of the Indus Water Treaty

For nearly 50 years a relatively stable Indus Water Treaty (IWT) moderated competition for the Indus water between Pakistan and India. Rising demand for water in each nation could unsettle this stable relationship, as foreshadowed by the involvement of a third party during 2005–2007 for the first time in the treatys history. This paper discusses Pakistan and Indias experience in the context of other international shared rivers. For the benefit of their people, Pakistan and India could coordinate unilateral development and resolve issues rather than defer them.

Forestry and Economic Development on the Oki Islands, Japan, PRP 196

Government of Japan; Hiroshima University; Doshisha University of Kyoto; Institute for Innovation, Creativity and Capital (IC2).

Procedure for Conducting a Cast Study of the Domain CHP Project in Austin, Texas

ABSTRACT This article describes a packaged cooling, heating and power (CHP) system for a buildings project in Austin, Texas operated by Austin Energy, the municipal utility. The article develops measures to report system efficiency and also identifies the research agenda to evaluate the CHP projects performance.

Grain reserve sizing: A multiobjective and probabilistic analysis

How large should a world grain reserve be in order to stabilize grain supplies through good or lean years of production? The paper discusses how to conceive of the institutions through which grain is produced and used; how to size a grain reserve with respect to multiple objectives; and how to assure reliable performance even during a series of sequential production shortfalls. An analytical technique is described, based upon tools from synthetic hydrology, order statistics, and multiobjective programming. Initial numerical results for sizing a world grain reserve are presented.