David J. Hayward

Conflicts in the Commercialization of Knowledge: Perspectives from Science and Entrepreneurship

Conflicts of interest and conflicts of values stand between university-based research and commercialization of that knowledge. Such conflicts are embedded in science faculties and serve to delay, rechannel, or deter the commercial applications of research. Scales measuring these conflicts are developed and presented and the Impact on entrepreneurial behavior and university roles is noted. A comparison between science and management faculty illustrates the differences in values and orientations that reside within the university institution.

Growing discipline through total quality management in a New Zealand horticulture region

Abstract Horticultural activity in New Zealand is changing through an intensified search for higher value, customer-oriented production. This paper examines the transformative influences of quality management initiatives in the horticultural complex of Hawkes Bay, a major producing region for apples, wine grapes, tomatoes, asparagus and squash. The paper identifies specific initiatives in each sector, explores the nature of the context in which growers operate and examines strategies growers have followed in response to structural pressures and an emerging understanding of quality management in the region. The paper concludes that the quality management initiatives represent a new governance dimension in the horticultural scene which has the potential to completely refashion the organisation of sectoral production systems.

Networking, technology, and governance: lessons from New Zealand horticulture

Cooperative business networking and technological learning have been treated as discrete features of successful regional economies. It is argued that both may be understood as governance solutions within the respective global commodity chains. Empirical evidence is examined of five export-oriented horticultural industries in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Within these industries a number of instances of networking and technological learning are identified and are found to be operating in a variety of regulatory contexts. Evidence from field interviews and three case studies, in particular, reveals the governance relations in effect in these commodity chains and how these lead to solutions such as networking and technological learning. These examples are also employed to support a more refined understanding both of governance and of regulation.

Innovation and Interdependencies in the New Zealand Custom Boat-Building Industry

Custom boat building in New Zealand is a globally competing industry comprising a densely interconnected community of small and medium-sized enterprises. Innovation in product and production processes is an essential feature in the industrys success. This article investigates innovation and interdependencies in the New Zealand boat-building industry and explores the notion that it is an example of an innovative regional milieu. The study includes a benchmark survey of the industry completed in 1998, which evaluates the sources of information and innovation, as well as a series of intensive interviews with leading firms to ascertain the characteristics of innovation. The peculiar cultural and social factors of New Zealand - and especially of Auckland, where the industry is spatially clustered - are found to have been significant in the growth of the industry. Furthermore, the contemporary prominence of sports and recreational boating has facilitated the industrys recent growth and exporting. Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2001.

The moral commodity: production, consumption, and governance in the Australasian breakfast cereal industry

This paper examines the Australasian breakfast cereal commodity chain and the processes of value creation in the industry. The paper has two points of entry to the commodity chain; first, a productionist perspective aimed at revealing how the material commodity is constituted, and, second, a consumptionist viewpoint, intended to show the construction of symbolic elements of the commodity. The value of the breakfast cereal commodity includes both its utility (food) value, and the semiotic and moral narratives associated with it—its symbolic value. To maintain these value dimensions the breakfast cereal companies have fashioned relationships with other organisations to legitimise prod-ucts in the eyes of the consumers. Both governmental and nongovernmental organisations are drawn into the commodity chain, and along with consumers, they actively participate in the recreation and redescription of the commoditys value. Through adhering to the analytical strategy of delineating both production and consumption dimensions the case study was able to establish the multiple layering of meanings that are associated with breakfast cereals—meanings that continue to be aligned with the industrys founding principles.

Horticultural Reform in the European Union and New Zealand: Further developments towards a global fresh fruit and vegetable complex

The coincidental reregulations of horticultural industries in the European Union (EU) and New Zealand (NZ) are the context for this study of the development possibilities for the global fresh fruit and vegetable (FF&V) complex. Both regions developed specific post-war regulatory frameworks that have provided considerable periods of market and organisational stability. Presently, the FF&V industries in both the EU and NZ are experiencing regulatory restarts, in which the uniformities of the domestic commodity chains are being removed and new growth opportunities are being afforded. These opportunities privilege different nodes within the commodity chains, leading to direct and - more profoundly - indirect impacts. The analysis is based upon interviews with key informants in the EU and NZ, supported by secondary data. At the time of this analysis the reregulations are in their formative stages and so the paper attempts to expose the origins and developments thus far, and to sketch the potential outcomes in a broad sense. In both regions FF&V marketing organisations are privileged and effectively relieved of their former grower-community responsibilities. They are thus able to exploit new value-adding opportunities and pursue strategies focused upon fruit quality rather than quantity, the spread of risk, and brand marketing.