David K. Carson

The Personal Cost of Hospitality Management

The hospitality industry demands much from its managers. A group of hotel and motel managers report how their working conditions affect their life

Temperament as a predictor of psychological adjustment in female adult incest victims.

Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relation between temperament and psychological adjustment in a sample of female adult incest victims (N = 57). Several dimensions of temperament, including activity level, mood, approach/withdrawal, flexibility (adaptability), and rhythmicity were significant predictors of various indicators of adjustment and self-esteem. The findings suggest that temperamental characteristics may moderate the effects of childhood incest on adult adjustment.

Correlates of kindergarten adjustment: Temperament and communicative competence☆

The kindergarten adjustment of 217 Causasian children (mean age=70 months) was examined in relation to their temperament and communicative competence. Both communicative competence and various dimensions of temperament accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in kindergarten adjustment. Children who were evaluated as normal-to-advanced in their level of competence were found to be significantly more adjusted to kindergarten than were those assessed as delayed. Along with age and gender, the temperament dimensions of attention span-distractibility, rhythmicity, general activity level, and mood were significantly predictive of childrens adjustment. An understanding of these factors can help parents and professionals promote a successful initial experience within the educational system.

Temperament, communicative competence and the psychological adjustment of kindergarten children

This study examined different aspects of childrens psychological adjustment within 8 traditional kindergarten classrooms in relation to both characteristics of temperament and communicative abilities. The sample consisted of 122 boys and 95 girls (N = 217, M age = 70 mo.) from middle-class Caucasian families residing in the Upper Midwest. Communicative competence and the temperament dimensions of approach/withdrawal, mood and general activity level were significantly predictive of various manifestations of adjustment/maladjustment during the early phases of kindergarten, including peer relations, dependency, hostility, and productivity. In addition, the sex and age of the children were predictive of their dependency, productivity, and withdrawal as evaluated by teachers within the school environment.

Temperament, adjustment, and alcoholism in adult female incest victims.

Female adult incest victims differing in history of alcoholism were compared to an alcoholism-only and a no incest/no alcoholism group on dimensions of temperament, psychological adjustment, and self-esteem. Incest victims with histories of alcoholism were more alienated and withdrawn, less rhythmical in their daily behavior, and evidenced lower self-esteem, more negative mood, greater social nonconformity, and more emotional discomfort than women in the other three groups. Women in the no incest/no alcohol group showed the best self-esteem and psychological adjustment and were generally more positive in the expression of various temperamental characteristics. The findings also suggested an association between incestuous victimization and an alcoholic family of origin.

Temperament and Gender: Correlates of Toddler Social Competence

Abstract The relation between temperament, gender, and social competence was examined in a sample of 202 children ranging from 12 to 36 months of age. Gender and specific characteristics of temperament corresponded more with toddler social competence than did a more general style of temperament. Females were rated by mothers and group caregivers as more socially competent than males on all four measures used in the study and significantly more so on three of these measures. Characteristics of temperament most closely associated with toddler social competence were approach/withdrawal, adaptability to change, and general quality of mood.

The influence of time of day on infant social initiative.

Twelve children between the ages of 14 and 23 months were observed in play group interactions during three different periods of the day. The results suggest that the dimension of time is an important factor in determining individual differences in the behavior of young children.

Not by Bread Alone: Reversing the Effects of Childhood Malnutrition

Protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) early in life exerts adverse effects on brain growth and psychological development. However, behavioral deficits typically occur as a consequence of the interaction between PEM and environmental deprivation. Human studies strongly suggest that developmental delays are associated with malnutrition in congruence with an impoverished material and social environment. It would seem therefore that enriching the immediate social milieu through persistent and appropriate stimulation of the child physically, mentally, socially and emotionally is a major factor in the reversal and prevention of the developmental consequences of malnutrition. Nutritional supplementation then, while a prerequisite to healthy ontogeny, is by itself insufficient in bringing the child to normal levels of development.

Preclausal Patterns in Language Acquisition: A Study of Spanish-Speaking Children in Chile

Language utterances were recorded in three groups of 1- to 3-yr.-old day care children in Valdivia, Chile. An analysis of the preclausal patterns of language development according to the model outlined by Hubbell (1988) indicated that 4 of 12 major utterances—experiencer-state, action-object, agent-action, and negation-X—accounted for 68% of the total number of utterances recorded. The results suggest that preclausal patterns in language development of Spanish-speaking children are similar to and yet different in some respects from those of children who acquire English as their first language.

Child abandonment: The abandoned expression of abuse and neglect

Professional concerned with early child development and care have focused their attention on the physical maltreatment of children while excluding abandonment from the definitional sphere of abuse ...