David M. Hall

A Scanning Electron-Microscope Study of Starches Part II : Cereal Starches

A scanning electron microscope was used to study the shape and surface details of six cereal starches—five corn varieties, oat, barley, rice, sorghum varieties, and wheat. Considerable information concerning the internal and surface detail seen in the ordinary light microscope can be obtained from comparisons. The extent of surface damage, starch shapes, and some information concerning the internal structure of some of the starches is shown directly with the scanning electron microscope. From such a study, some speculation concerning the internal architecture and development of granules is made.

A Scanning Electron-Microscope Study of Starches

The shapes and surface characteristics have been investigated for some root and tuber starches, using a scanning electron microscope. Considerable detail which is not apparent from ordinary light microscopy is obtained. The scanning electron microscope provides a superior technique for studying the surface details of starch. The results for nine root and tuber starches are reported

Mechanism of Yarn Failure

The importance of interfiber friction in determining yarn strength has been acknowledged by several authors. Studies of the effect of friction on yarn strength were often based on determining the influence of twist level, a structural factor, to change the level of friction. To our knowledge, no study is available in which varying fiber frictional characteristics are introduced into a constant yarn structure (i.e., the same twist, fiber type, fiber length, etc.). This effect has been accomplished through a surface treatment that changes the level of interfiber friction, and subsequent yarn testing provides useful and interesting information about how fiber interaction contributes to yarn strength. The results presented here show that interfiber friction can (under certain circumstances) be the dominant factor in determining the tensile properties of a ring spun staple yarn. Friction and yarn strength results show that moderate changes in the interfiber friction can produce large changes in yarn strength. We suggest that interfiber friction should receive more attention as a determinant of yarn properties, particularly strength.

A Scanning Electron-Microscope Study of Starches PART III: Miscellaneous Starches

The shapes and surface structure of eleven starches—peas (wrinkled, smooth-shell, chick, and black-eyed), cowcockles, acorns, sagos, beans (tender white, pinto and lima), shoti, dieffenbachia, pineapples, peanuts, tamarinds and chestnuts— were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The details seen in the three-dimensional images were compared with those seen in the two dimensional optical microscope views. Attempts were made to relate the surface details of the starch to possible layering and membrane phenomenon. Comparisons of surface detail seen with the metal- coated starch and the transparent sphereocrystal seen in the light-microscope views have allowed some speculations on the internal structures of some of the granules.

Practical Methods for Purification of Anionic Dyes as Their Sodium, Potassium and Lithium Salts

Anionic dyestuffs having high purity can be obtained employing standard recrystsllization techniques. The dye may be obtained as the sodium, potassium or lithium salt. The free acid form of the dye is dissolved in butanol. Impurities are removed during partition with water. The metal salt of the dye is obtained by adding the appropriate alkali. Alter natively, dimethyl formamide (DMF) is employed to extract the dye from the ionic impurities. The sodium salt of the dye is recovered. The free acid may be obtained using DMF-acid extraction followed by conversion to the desired metal salt with alkali. The purification and characterization of four direct dyes (C. I. Direct Red 2, C. I. Direct Yellow 12, C. I. Direct Blue 78, C. I. Direct Green 26) and two acid dyes (C. I. Acid Red 85, C. I. Acid Blue 78) is described.

4,6-O-alkylidene derivatives of d-glucose and its methyl pyranosides. An improved acetalation procedure☆

In the preparation of 4,6-alkylidene acetals of d-glucose and its methyl pyranosides, addition of ethyl ether to the reaction mixture causes formation of the 4,6-O-alkylidene derivative as the major product. In this way, formation of 2,3-O-oxidodialkylidene derivatives of the methyl pyranosides may often be completely avoided, and an increased yield of the 4,6-monoacetal results. An improved method for the preparation of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside (3) by a modified Haworth methylation of d-glucose is also described.

New routes to the synthesis of 2,3,6-tri-O-substituted methyl β-d-glucopyranosides: An improved synthesis of α-cellotriose hendecaacetate

Abstract Various preparative routes to 2,3,6-tri- O -substituted methyl fi- D -glucopyranosides have been investigated, and an improved procedure for synthe

Energy and Water Savings in the Textile Industry

A unique water treatment system that alters the electro-chemistry of the managed water allows for a modification of the physical characteristics of cooling tower make up water that increases the solids content and certain other ions in the water. The result is a system that controls bacteria and fungi, eliminates bleed/blow down, eliminates corrosion and pitting, as well as scale through the use of Magnetic Field Generators that are a part of the system. The process continuously removes and filters solids, scale, and other debris from the system. The results of a study employing this process for three textile mills in Alabama are provided.

Thermal Properties of Novel Carbonaceous Fiber Battings

There is a need for materials and battings which provide fire resistant properties and are lightweight, washable, and aesthetically accep table. Thermal properties of batts constructed from a new carbonaceous fiber were evaluated to determine its usefulness in military and commercial applica tions for thermal and fire protection. Carbonaceous batts were compared to batts available in commercial and military products on thermal transmittance (conductance and resistance) and thermal protective performance. Results indicated that experimental batts could be constructed to provide insulation comparable to available products. Thermal protective performance tests indicated that the carbonaceous batts provided flame protection superior to current military and commercial products.

A Study of the Dyeing of Nylon 6 with Disperse Dyes from Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents

Dyeing of nylon 6 (polycaprolactam) film from trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene with several purified dyes is reported. Rate curves and diffusion data indicate that the sorption of disperse dyes by nylon from these solvents is slower by 50-100 times their sorption by polyester. Dyes with polar substituents give higher partition coefficients, probably due to their lower solubility in the solvents and higher solubility in nylon 6 than in very nonpolar dyes. Very few of the dyes studied have partition coefficients which would make exhaust dyeing desirable; however, the possibility of synthesizing dyes or finding dyes which would have application to nylon does appear to exist.