David M. Musson

Psychology and culture during long-duration space missions ☆

The International Academy of Astronautics Study Group on Psychology and Culture in LongDuration Space Missions first convened in May 2003, at the 14 Humans in Space Symposium in Banff, Canada. After this initial meeting to define the group’s task, members divided into subcommittees and worked on drafts of sections of the document over email. The group reconvened in person several times to coordinate the structure of the paper. These sessions occurred at scientific meetings where many of the members were present. The study group formally convened in 2003 at the International Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Bremen and at the Institute for Biomedical Problems 40 Anniversary Symposium in Moscow. In 2004 it convened at the IAC in Vancouver and at the Annual Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association (AsMA) in Anchorage. In 2005 it convened at the Humans In Space Symposium in Graz, at the IAC in Fukuoka, and at the AsMA Meeting in Kansas City. In 2006 the group worked over e-mail and will convene at the IAC in Valencia after the paper is finished in order to debrief and set out plans for future work. The objective of this report is twofold: a) to describe the current knowledge of cultural, psychological, psychiatric, cognitive, and interpersonal issues that are relevant to the behavior and performance of astronaut crews and ground support personnel; and b) to make recommendations for future human space missions, including both transit and planetary surface operations on the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The focus will be on long-duration missions lasting at least six weeks, when important psychological and interpersonal factors begin to take their toll on crewmembers. This information is designed to provide guidelines for astronaut selection and training, in-flight monitoring and support, and post-flight recovery and re-adaptation. After a consideration of Cultural Issues, which impact on the entire report, four main sections follow: Personality, Coping, and Adaptation; Behavioral Health and Psychiatry; Cognition and Complex Performance Skills; and Interpersonal and Organizational Issues. For each of these sections, there is a review of general issues; implications for mission operations in terms of crew selection, training, monitoring and support, and re-adaptation to Earth; and operational and research recommendations involving future missions to Earth orbit, the lunar surface, or to Mars and beyond.

A social cybernetic analysis of simulation-based, remotely delivered medical skills training in an austere environment: Developing a test bed for spaceflight medicine

This paper describes analysis of medical skills training exercises that were conducted at an arctic research station. These were conducted as part of an ongoing effort to establish high fidelity medical simulation test bed capabilities in remote and extreme “space analogue” environments for the purpose studying medical care in spaceflight. The methodological orientation followed by the authors is that of “second order cybernetics,” or the science of studying human systems where the observer is involved within the system in question. Analyses presented include the identification of three distinct phases of the training activity, and two distinct levels of work groups - termed “first-order teams” and “second-order teams.” Depending on the phase of activity, first-order and second-order teams are identified, each having it own unique structure, composition, communications, goals, and challenges. Several specific teams are highlighted as case examples. Limitations of this approach are discussed, as are potential benefits to ongoing and planned research activity in this area.

Systems modeling of space medical support architecture: Topological mapping of high level characteristics and constraints

The challenges associated with providing medical support to astronauts on long duration lunar or planetary missions are significant. Experience to date in space has included short duration missions to the lunar surface and both short and long duration stays on board spacecraft and space stations in low Earth orbit. Live actor, terrestrial analogue setting simulation provides a means of studying multiple aspects of the medical challenges of exploration class space missions, though few if any published models exist upon which to construct systems-simulation test beds. Current proposed and projected moon mission scenarios were analyzed from a systems perspective to construct such a model. A resulting topological mapping of high-level architecture for a reference lunar mission with presumed EVA excursion and international mission partners is presented. High-level descriptions of crew operational autonomy, medical support related to crew-member status, and communication characteristics within and between multiple teams are presented. It is hoped this modeling will help guide future efforts to simulate medical support operations for research purposes, such as in the use of live actor simulations in terrestrial analogue environments.

Visualization Performance and Rapid Prototyping in First Year Design

Visualization literature suggests that solid-modeling software tools improve visualization skills as a result of interaction with the model. As an extension of these findings, the authors proposed that product dissection and real-time simulation of the model should further improve visualization. Our prior study examined visualization performance using solid-modeling in three teaching modalities of a Freshmen Design and Graphics course: 1) Traditional, 2) Project Based Dissection, and 3) Simulation Based Design. The first and second modalities focused assessment on the part/assembly form, whereas the third modality transitioned the outcome expectations to understanding and function of mechanism design. Our comparison between teaching modalities revealed an unexpected bifurcation of results where the top performing group from several years of data demonstrated slight performance improvement with consistent variance, while the lower performing group decreased in performance with substantial increase in variance. It was proposed that the abstract nature of mentally reconstructing a solid-model or real- time simulation was a potential factor in the lower performing group. In September 2013 the author implemented rapid prototyping capability as pilot study in improving the traditional Design & Graphics course. This paper will discuss the implementation of rapid prototyping and present the preliminary results on visualization performance. This paper will be of interest to educators interested in first year Design & Graphics.

Adaptive affective response identification for hearing threshold detection

Emotional arousal, or affective patterns, can be probed using observable bioelectric signals, in particular using the fluctuations of electroencephalographic potentials from the human scalp. Hearing impairment related to increased threshold of audio tone detection may cause the loss of intelligibility of speech resulting in an innate automatic emotional response. An adaptive support vector machine can be trained to identify a subjects unique affective response based upon an audiogram hearing test. This paper presents the efficacy of our model, initial SVM classification data, and discusses potential application.