David Manuel Lelinho da Motta Marques

A community-based framework for aquatic ecosystem models

Here, we communicate a point of departure in the development of aquatic ecosystem models, namely a new community-based framework, which supports an enhanced and transparent union between the collective expertise that exists in the communities of traditional ecologists and model developers. Through a literature survey, we document the growing importance of numerical aquatic ecosystem models while also noting the difficulties, up until now, of the aquatic scientific community to make significant advances in these models during the past two decades. Through a common forum for aquatic ecosystem modellers we aim to (i) advance collaboration within the aquatic ecosystem modelling community, (ii) enable increased use of models for research, policy and ecosystem-based management, (iii) facilitate a collective framework using common (standardised) code to ensure that model development is incremental, (iv) increase the transparency of model structure, assumptions and techniques, (v) achieve a greater understanding of aquatic ecosystem functioning, (vi) increase the reliability of predictions by aquatic ecosystem models, (vii) stimulate model inter-comparisons including differing model approaches, and (viii) avoid ‘re-inventing the wheel’, thus accelerating improvements to aquatic ecosystem models. We intend to achieve this as a community that fosters interactions amongst ecologists and model developers. Further, we outline scientific topics recently articulated by the scientific community, which lend themselves well to being addressed by integrative modelling approaches and serve to motivate the progress and implementation of an open source model framework.

Checklist comparison and dominance patterns of the fish fauna at Taim Wetland, South Brazil

Taim Hydrological System is a unique subtropical wetland in southern Brazil harboring an exceptional biological diversity. In 1978, an ecological reserve was established to protect part of this area from increasing anthropogenic impacts in its surroundings. Fishes have been poorly investigated in this system. Based on a multi-gear sampling study encompassing several years (2001-2005), and on comparisons with previous fish inventories, we provide an up-to-date species list of fishes occurring in the Taim Wetland. In addition, we made the first preliminary description of fish dominance patterns found in the main lakes of the system (Flores, Nicola, Jacare and Mangueira). Checklist comparison resulted in 62 fish species distributed in 24 families, with Characidae (19 species) and Cichlidae (7) showing the highest species richness. Six species are cited for the first time in the reserve: Trachelyopterus lucenai (Auchenipteridae), Hoplosternum littorale (Callichthyidae), Rineloricaria cadeae (Loricariidae), Eigenmannia trilineata (Sternopygidae), Odontesthes mirinensis and O. perugiae (Atherinopsidae). Apparently, the black catfish T. lucenai invaded the system in the last decade and became one of the dominant species in the pelagic waters. Although differences in gears hindered direct comparisons, differences in species composition and dominance patterns between shallow margins and pelagic waters of lakes seem to occur in the lakes. A more diverse assemblage dominated by small fishes ( 15 cm) seemed to dominate in pelagic waters. O Sistema Hidrologico do Taim e um banhando subtropical localizado no sul do Brasil que abriga uma diversidade biologica excepcional. Em 1978, uma reserva ecologica foi estabelecida para proteger parte dessa area do crescente impacto de acoes antropicas nos seus arredores. Os peixes tem sido muito pouco investigados nessa regiao. Baseado em coletas com varios amostradores durante varios anos (2001-2005), e em comparacoes com estudos previos, esse trabalho fornece uma lista de especies atualizada dos peixes ocorrendo no Taim. Tambem e apresentada a primeira descricao preliminar dos padroes de dominância nos principais lagos que compoem o sistema (Flores, Nicola, Jacare e Mangueira). A analise comparada indicou a presenca de 62 especies de peixes distribuidas em 24 familias, sendo Characidae (19 especies) e Cichlidae (7) as familias com o maior numero de especies. Seis especies sao registradas pela primeira vez na reserva: Trachelyopterus lucenai (Auchenipteridae), Hoplosternum littorale (Callichthyidae), Rineloricaria cadeae (Loricariidae), Eigenmannia trilineata (Sternopygidae), Odontesthes mirinensis e O. perugiae (Atherinopsidae). Aparentemente, o penharol T. lucenai invadiu o sistema na ultima decada e tornou-se uma das especies dominantes nas zonas pelagicas das lagoas. Embora diferencas nos amostradores nao permitam comparacoes diretas, parecem ocorrer diferencas na composicao de especies e padroes de dominância entre as margens rasas e as zonas pelagicas dos lagos. Uma assembleia de peixes mais diversa, dominada por peixes pequenos ( 15cm) parece dominar as zonas pelagicas.

Potential effects of climate change and eutrophication on a large subtropical shallow lake

In many aquatic ecosystems, increased nutrient loading has caused eutrophication, which is reflected in the trophic structure of the ecosystem. In Lake Mangueira, a large shallow subtropical lake in Brazil, nutrient loading has also increased, but it is still unclear what the effects of this increase will be and how this relates to climate change. To evaluate the effects of increased nutrient loadings in such large lake one would need to integrate hydrological and ecological processes into one model, an approach that has rarely been used before. Here, we apply different versions of a complex 3D ecological model, called IPH-TRIM3D-PCLake, which describes the integrated hydrodynamic, water-quality, and biological processes in the lake. First, the nutrient loadings from the watershed were estimated using a separate hydrological water quality model of the watershed based on field data. Second, we calibrated the 3D ecological model for a 6-year monitoring period in the lake using a simplified non-spatial version of the model. Finally, the calibrated ecological model was applied to evaluate the spatial explicit effects of different scenarios of land use, water pumping for irrigation, and climate change. On short term (1.5 year), the system seemed to be rather resilient, probably because of the lake size related to its high inertia. Our simulations indicated warming can increase water transparency in Lake Mangueira which may be related to two factors: (a) the current meso-oligotrophic state of the lake which may easily lead to nutrient limitation; and (b) submerged macrophytes grow during the whole season. The combined effect of climate change and increased nutrient loading, less strong than increased nutrient loading alone. The model can only be used for qualitative predictions of the effect of management scenarios, such as maintenance of water levels in the dry season, and water-pumping rules for irrigation in order to maintain the ecosystem structure and functions in the future under additional stress caused by increased use or climate change.

Evidence of habitat fragmentation affecting fish movement between the Patos and Mirim coastal lagoons in southern Brazil

The communication between the Patos and Mirim lagoon systems occurs via a natural channel called Sao Goncalo. In 1977, a dam was built in this channel to prevent entrance of saline waters from Patos Lagoon estuary into the Mirim Lagoon. Our results showed an abrupt discontinuity in salinity and fish species distribution along the study sites. Sites below the dam showed salinity values higher than zero, whereas sites above had zero salinity values across all sampling periods. Marine and estuarine fishes (e.g., mullets Mugil platanus, M. curema, silversides Odontesthes argentinensis, Atherinella brasiliensis, sardine Brevoortia pectinata, and white croaker Micropogonias furnieri) were not captured above the dam. If these juvenile fishes could enter the Mirim lagoon in greater numbers, they probably would enhance catches in the artisanal fishery. We hypothesized that the Sao Goncalo dam acts as a barrier hindering the entrance of salinity water and fishes inside the Mirim Lagoon. A comunicacao entre o sistema lagunar Patos-Mirim ocorre atraves de um canal natural denominado Sao Goncalo. Em 1977, foi construida uma eclusa com o objetivo de evitar a entrada de agua salgada, proveniente do estuario da Lagoa dos Patos, para o interior da Lagoa Mirim. Os resultados mostraram uma descontinuidade abrupta na distribuicao da salinidade e dos peixes ao longo da area de estudo. Estacoes de coleta abaixo da barragem tiveram valores de salinidade acima de zero, enquanto os valores foram iguais a zero nas estacoes acima da barragem durante o periodo amostrado. Peixes marinhos e estuarinos (p.ex., tainhas Mugil platanus, M. curema, peixes-rei Odontesthes argentinensis, Atherinella brasiliensis, sardinha Brevoortia pectinata) nao foram capturados acima da barragem. Caso entrassem em abundância na Mirim tais especies poderiam contribuir positivamente para os desembarques da pesca artesanal nessa regiao. Dessa forma, e sugerida a hipotese de que a barragem do Sao Goncalo atua como uma barreira impedindo a entrada de aguas salobras e peixes marinhos e estuarinos para o interior da Lagoa Mirim.

Preliminary examination of food web structure of Nicola Lake (Taim Hydrological System, south Brazil) using dual C and N stable isotope analyses

Taim Ecological Reserve is located within the Taim Hydrological System and was created to protect a heterogeneous and productive landscape harboring exceptional biological diversity in southern Brazil. Using stable isotope ratio analyses of carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N), we provide a preliminary description of the food web structure, including estimates of production sources supporting fish populations and vertical trophic structure, within a representative lake of this system. A total of 21 organisms (5 macrophytes, 3 mollusks and 13 adult fishes) representing 16 species were collected for isotope analysis. Fishes had d13C values ranging from -24.30o/oo to -28.31o/oo , showing concordance with the range of values observed for macrophytes (-25.49 to -27.10o/oo), and suggesting that these plants could be a major carbon source supporting these fishes. d13C signatures of Corbicula (-30.81o/oo) and Pomacea (-24.26o/oo) indirectly suggest that phytoplankton and benthic algae could be alternative carbon sources for some consumers. Nitrogen isotope ratios indicated approximately three consumer trophic levels. The pearl cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis was a primary consumer. Two catfishes (Trachelyopterus lucenai and Loricariichthys anus) were secondary consumers. Two congeneric pike cichclids (Crenicichla lepidota and C. punctata), a catfish (Pimelodus maculatus) and the characids Astyanax fasciatus and Oligosarcus robustus were tertiary consumers. Further studies including additional primary producers and consumers and greater sample numbers should be conducted to provide a more complete and detailed description of food web structure and dynamics within the reserve.

The influence of hydrodynamics on the spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton pigments in a large, sub-tropical coastal lake (Brazil)

This study evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton pigments in Itapeva Lake and its relationship with hydrodynamic aspects. Regarding spatial distribution, a decreasing N→S gradient was generally observed for the pigments, except in summer. This inversion observed during the summer was influenced by the predominant fetch (N-E). The horizontal heterogeneity was proved (ANOVA) for all seasons of the year, except spring. Spatially in spring, the vertical variance was much more significant (p<0.05) than the horizontal one. The sampling shifts presented a permanent degree of variability among the seasons of the year, showing the existence of a diurnal cycle in the concentration of chlorophyll a. This behavior was related to the fetch, mainly from the NE and SW quadrants, disturbing the system because it is a shallow lake. This confirmed the influence of the Itapeva Lake’s hydrodynamic regime on the spatial-temporal distribution of the phytoplankton pigments.

Amazonian floodplain water balance based on modelling and analyses of hydrologic and electrical conductivity data

&NA; In the Amazon basin, floodplains form a complex mosaic of freshwater systems with differing morphologies, resulting in varied inundation patterns and heterogeneous chemical and ecological characteristics. In this study, we focused on the Janauacá floodplain, a medium‐sized system (786 km2, including the local watershed) located along the Solimões River. Based on in situ and satellite observations acquired from November 2006 to November 2011, we computed water fluxes between the mainstream and the floodplain and examined the temporal dynamics of floodplain storage from river flooding, rainfall, runoff, and exchanges with groundwater through bank seepage for the 5 years from 2006 to 2011. The mainstream was the main input of water to the flooded area, accounting on average for 93% of total water inputs by the end of the water year. Direct precipitation and runoff from uplands contributed less than or equal to 5% and 10%, respectively. The seepage contribution was less than 1%. Model uncertainties, evaluated using Monte Carlo analysis of the input data and model parameters, showed that all water fluxes were relatively well constrained except for outflow through seepage, which had a standard deviation across simulations greater than 60%. The water balance computation was verified using electrical conductivity as an assumed non‐reactive tracer. Except during periods of very low water, the simulated and measured conductivities agreed well. Moreover, conductivity data analysis confirmed that the Janauacá system can be considered homogeneous in terms of electrical conductivity for filling percentages equal to or greater than 40% (i.e., when the water level is above 19.5 m, generally from April to August) but presented large heterogeneities during the rest of the hydrological cycle.

Can chlorophyll-a in meso-oligotrophic shallow waters be estimated using statistical approaches and empirical models from MODIS imagery?

Accurate estimation of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in inland waters through remote-sensing techniques is complicated by local differences in the optical properties of water. In this study, we applied multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN), nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) and four models (Appel, Kahru, FAI and O14a) to estimate the Chl -a concentration from combinations of spectral bands from the MODIS sensor. The MLR, NPMR and ANN models were calibrated and validated using in-situ Chl -a measurements. The results showed that a simple and efficient model, developed and validated through multiple linear regression analysis, offered advantages (i.e., better performance and fewer input variables) in comparison with ANN, NPMR and four models (Appel, Kahru, FAI and O14a). In addition, we observed that in a large shallow subtropical lake, where the wind and hydrodynamics are essential factors in the spatial heterogeneity (Chl-a distribution), the MLR model adjusted using the specific point dataset, performed better than using the total dataset, which suggest that would not be appropriate to generalize a single model to estimate Chl-a in these large shallow lakes from total datasets. Our approach is a useful tool to estimate Chl -a concentration in meso-oligotrophic shallow waters and corroborates the spatial heterogeneity in these ecosystems.

Modeling metabolism in an integrated subtropical watershed-reservoir system

Reservoirs are considered transition systems between rivers and lakes with particular features due to its morphology and watershed inflows. Studies about aquatic metabolism in subtropical aquatic ecosystems, particularly in reservoirs, have been based on direct measurements and statistical relationships in specific gauge stations of the system rather than on analytical models, which are capable of representing the metabolic processes at different temporal and spatial scales. This paper aimed to evaluate the temporal variability of metabolism in a subtropical reservoir, named Faxinal reservoir, located in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, by using an ecological model (IPH-ECO) which was coupled with a hydrological model (IPH-II) to estimate inflows and nutrient loadings from the watershed. After model calibration, metabolic daily rates of gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R) were estimated over a 1-year period (from November 2011 to December 2012), considering a process-based algorithm based on dissolved-oxygen budget implemented in the IPH-ECO model. Faxinal reservoir were net heterotrophic 97% of the simulation period. The temporal variability of GPP and R followed the general pattern of phytoplankton biomass in reservoir, which was more related to autochthonous factors such as water residence time, light availability, nutrient concentration and zooplankton grazing. Only during heavy rainfall period, increasing the terrestrial exports, the concentration of phosphorus was higher leading to an increase of chlorophyll-a concentration and hence metabolic rates of GPP and R. Therefore, considering the long dry period during the simulation, the aquatic metabolism of Faxinal reservoir is more influenced by the internal dynamic of the aquatic ecosystem than the watershed inputs.

Projeções de Vazão Afluente à Lagoa Mangueira com Base em Cenários de Mudanças Climáticas

This manuscript presents the assessment of climate change impacts on the streamflow at the Mangueira lake watershed, located in Southern Brazil, based on precipitation predictions of twenty Atmospheric/Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) that feed a hydrologic model named IPH II. The projections were based on two emission scenarios of the IPCC that set the forcing conditions for the AOGCMs to estimate future climate: A2, characterized by higher emissions and B2, characterized by lower emissions. The MAGICC/ScenGen was used to obtain the projected monthly anomalies of precipitation for the scenarios A2/B2 at two future time intervals centered at 2030 and 2070. Time series of projected precipitation were estimated using the delta change approach. The results in terms of average annual flow shows that mean value of the anomalies on the near horizon resulted very similar, equal to +2.86%(A2) and +2.48%(B2). This statistic increased on the long horizon, with a mean value of the anomalies of +16.94%(A2) and +11.83%(B2). The dispersion among results of the AOGCMs showed anomalies that may reach [+10%,−7%] in the near future and [+30%,−20%], in the long horizon. Thus, although there was higher agreement between AOGCMs in increasing flows, it is important to highlight the dispersion of results.