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Infection | 1983

Comparative activity in vitro of ceftazidime and nine other antibacterial agents.

David S. Reeves; H. A. Holt; M. J. Bywater

SummaryThe activityin vitro of the new β-lactam, ceftazidime, was established using an agar dilution technique at two inoculum levels (104 and 106 cfu) against 480 clinical bacterial isolates in comparison to ampicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, cefazolin. cefotaxime, cefoperazone, moxalactam, gentamicin and netilmicin. Ceftazidime was highly active against enterobacteria with MIC values in the range of 0.12–1 mg/l. Moxalactam showed similar activity, whilst cefotaxime was more active. These three compounds showed very similar MIC50 and MIC90 values, with only a small influence from the inoculum used; this was not the case for the β-lactamase-unstable compounds tested. Ceftazidime was the best compound tested againstPseudomonas aeruginosa andPseudomonas species, with all MICs being ≤ 2 mg/l. Only cefoperazone, piperacillin and the aminoglycosides approached this activity; cefotaxime and moxalactam were considerably less active. Ceftazidime was highly active againstNeisseria spp.,Haemophilus influenzae and streptococci. Ceftazidime showed no useful activity against enterococci orBacteroides fragilis, and although it was clearly stable to staphylococcal β-lactamase, its inherent activity was relatively low (MIC 2–8 mg/l). Only clinical experience will show if it is sufficient at normal doses. Against transconjugants of sensitive strains ofEscherichia coli containing plasmids coding for various β-lactamases, ceftazidime was uniformly active with MICs only slightly higher than for a control strain; this suggested a high stability to β-lactamases. In common with the other β-lactamase-stable compounds, the MICs for the higher inoculum were identical or closely similar, whereas there was a large inoculum effect with β-lactamase-unstable agents. We concluded that ceftazidime is a highly active, β-lactamase-stable agent which strongly deserves clinical evaluation. Its outstanding anti-pseudomonal activity was particularly encouraging.ZusammenfassungDieIn-vitro-Aktivität des neuen β-Laktams Ceftazidim gegen 480 klinische Isolate von Bakterien wurde mittels Agardilutionstechnik mit zwei Inokulumgrößen (104 und 106 KBE) bestimmt und mit derjenigen von Ampicillin, Mezlocillin, Piperacillin, Cefazolin, Cefotaxim, Cefoperazon, Moxalactam, Gentamicin und Netilmicin verglichen. Ceftazidim erwies sich als hochaktiv gegenüber Enterobakterien; die MHK-Werte lagen im Bereich von 0,12–1 mg/l. Die Aktivität von Moxalactam war vergleichbar, Cefotaxim war hingegen noch wirksamer als Ceftazidim. Die MHK50- und MHK90-Werte dieser drei Verbindungen lagen eng beieinander; die verwandten Inokulumgrößen hatten — im Gegensatz zu den geprüften, nicht β-Laktamase-festen Verbindungen — nur geringen Einfluß. Ceftazidim war gegenüberPseudomonas aeruginosa undPseudomonas spp. von allen getesteten Präparaten am wirksamsten; alle MHK-Werte lagen bei ≤ 2 mg/l. Diese Aktivität wurde nur von Cefoperazon, Piperacillin und den Aminoglykosiden erreicht. Cefotaxim und Moxalactam waren erheblich weniger wirksam. Ceftazidim war hochwirksam gegenNeisseria spp.,Haemophilus influenzae und Streptokokken. Gegen Enterokokken oderBacteroides fragilis wies Ceftazidim keine ausreichende Aktivität auf. Trotz eindeutiger Stabilität gegen Staphylokokken-β-Laktamase war die Substanz gegenüber Staphylokokken nur relativ wenig wirksam (MHK 2–8 mg/l). Erst die klinische Erfahrung wird zeigen, ob diese Aktivität bei normalen Dosen ausreichend ist. Ceftazidim war unverändert wirksam gegen Transkonjugate von empfindlichenEscherichia coli-Stämmen, die Plasmide enthielten, die für verschiedene β-Laktamasen kodieren. Daraus läßt sich eine hohe β-Laktamasestabilität ableiten. Wie bei den anderen β-Laktamase-stabilen Verbindungen waren die MHK-Werte von Ceftazidim für die beiden Inokulumgrößen identisch oder nahe beieinander. Bei den nicht β-Laktamase-stabilen Verbindungen ließ sich ein beträchtlicher Inokulumeffekt feststellen. Wir schließen aus unseren Untersuchungen, daß Ceftazidim eine hochaktive, β-Laktamase-stabile Substanz ist, die dringend klinisch geprüft werden sollte. Besonders ermutigend ist seine hervorragende Wirksamkeit gegen Pseudomonas.


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1986

The identification of the aminoglycoside-phosphorylating enzymes APH(2″) and APH(3′) from the characterization of their reaction products by high performance liquid chromatography

A. M. Lovering; L. O. White; David S. Reeves

A method is described for the identification of the aminoglycoside-phosphorylating (APH) enzymes APH(2) and APH(3) by the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) identification of their products of reaction with kanamycin and ATP. Twelve reference strains which produce either APH(2) or APH(3) were examined by both this method and the radioenzymatic profile method; correct enzyme identification was made with 12/12 of the strains by the HPLC method and 11/12 of the strains by the radioenzymatic profile method. Reaction products of APH(2) or APH(3) with ATP and butirosin, geneticin, lividomycin, ribostamycin, sissomicin or tobramycin were also characterized by HPLC. Conditions for their chromatography are given.


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1980

Human metabolism of cefotaxime

David S. Reeves; L. O. White; H. A. Holt; D. Bahari; M. J. Bywater; R. P. Bax


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1999

Self-medication of antibacterials without prescription (also called ‘ over-the-counter’ use) A report of a Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

David S. Reeves; Roger Finch; Richard Bax; Peter Davey; Alan Li Wan Po; Stephen G. Mann; Michael A. L. Pringle


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 2002

The current status of surveillance of resistance to antimicrobial agents: report on a meeting

Pamela A. Hunter; David S. Reeves


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1990

Reduced absorption of oral ciprofloxacin after chemotherapy for haematological malignancy

E. J. Johnson; A. P. MacGowan; M. N. Potter; R. J. Stockley; L. O. White; R. R. Slade; David S. Reeves


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1986

The effect of quinolone antibacterials on the gastrointestinal flora compared with that of other antibacterials

David S. Reeves


British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | 1993

A survey of undergraduate and continuing medical education about antimicrobial chemotherapy in the United Kingdom

Peter Davey; Stephen Hudson; Geoffrey L. Ridgway; David S. Reeves


The Lancet | 1982

SULPHONAMIDES AND TRIMETHOPRIM

David S. Reeves


Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1979

Activity in vitro of tetroxoprim–sulphadiazine

M. J. Bywater; H. A. Holt; David S. Reeves

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Colin W. E. Drummond

British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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Richard Bax

British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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Roger Finch

British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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