David S. Steward

Japanese and American Children's Drawings of the Outside and Inside of their Bodies

Preschool children completed drawings of the outside and inside of the human body. The drawings were scored for cultural, development, and health status features utilizing a scoring system which coded number of components, colors, and style. Japanese children were less likely than American children to add facial features, clothing detail, or to color arms and legs on the outside figure. All children typically drew three components inside the body; Japanese children were more likely to draw hearts and American children to draw brains; girls were more likely to include stomachs than boys. When compared to data from hospitalized preschool children, differences were found in content but not quantity of internal components. Maternal perception of childrens vulnerability to change in health status as adults was significantly related to ratio of inside/ outside scores in both Japanese and American subjects.

Adolescent women's developing identity: A study of self-definition in the context of family relationships

This study generated adolescent womens perception of their identity in relation to family members spanning three generations and related these perceived relationships to their sex-role orientation. Subjects were 20 firstborn university women from intact families. The methodology used multiple sources of information, including open-ended interviewing procedures, rating scales, and standard research measures of sex-role identity. Significantly more constructs empirically differentiated family by generation than by sex. Congruence of young women with both the parent and grandparent generation, relative number of masculine stereotypes produced, and personality traits of males and females were significantly influenced by the presence of a brother in the sibling generation. There was no relationship between family constellation and sex-role orientation. Feminine women were significantly more congruent with other females in their family than androgynous women. There was a linear trend for androgynous women to be increasingly individuated across the generations.