David W. Johnston

Cytological and Chemical Adaptations of Fat Deposition in Migratory Birds

LUSTICK, S. 1969. Bird energetics: effects of artificial radiation. Science 163:387-390. LUSTICK, S. 1971. Plumage color and energetics. Condor 73:121-122. MORTON, M. L. 1967. The effects of insolation on the diurnal feeding pattern of White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia loucophrys gambelii). Ecology 48:690-694. MUELLER, H. C. 1972. Sunbathing in birds. Z. Tierpsychol. 30:253-258. OHMART, R. D., AND R. C. LASIEWSKI. 1971. Roadrunners: Energy conservation by hypothermia and absorption of sunlight. Science 172:67-69.

The Uropygial Gland of the Sooty Tern

ASH, J. S. 1958. Partridges apparently affected by industrial contamination. Br. Birds 51:241-242. EASTERLA, D. A., AND J. M. TODD. 1971. Bill deformity of a Yellow-headed Blackbird. Auk 88:677-678. FOX, W. 1952. Behavioral and evolutionary significance of the abnormal growth of beaks of birds. Condor 54: 160-162. GILANI, S. H. 1974. Imipramine and congenital abnormalities. Pathol. Microbial. 40:37-42. GOCHFELD, M. 1975. Developmental defects in Common Terns of western Long Island, New York. Auk 92: 58-65. HAYS, H., AND R. W. RISEBROUGH. 1972. Pollutant concentrations in abnormal young terns from Long Island Sound. Auk 89:19-35. HICKS, L. E. 1934. Individual and sexual variations in the European Starling. Bird-Banding 5:103-118. HODGES, J. 1952. Two nestling robins with abnormal beaks. Condor 54:359. LANDAUER, W., AND N. SALAM. 1973. Quantitative and qualitative distinctions in developmental interference produced by various substituted pyridines: molecular shape and teratogenicity as studied on chick embryos. Acta Embryol. Exp. 2: 179197. MORTON, E. S. 1963. A partial albino Red-winged Blackbird with a deformed bill. Wilson Bull. 75:281. POMEROY, D. E. 1962. Birds with abnormal bills. Br. Birds 55:49-72. ROGER, J. C., D. G. UPSHALL, AND J. E. CASSIDA. 1969. Structure-activity and metabolism studies on organophosphate teratogens and their alleviating agents in developing hen eggs with special emphasis on Bidrin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18:373392. ROMANOFF, A. L. 1972. Pathogenesis of the avian embryo. Wiley-Interscience, New York. SITTMAN, K., W. 0. WILSON, AND L. Z. MCFARLAND. 1966. Buff and albino Japanese Quail. J. Hered. 57:119-124. STURKIE, P. D. 1941. Studies on hereditary congenital baldness in the domestic fowl. J. Morphol. 69:517535.

THE ANNUAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE CALIFORNIA GULL II. HISTOLOGY AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The first part of this paper dealing with the criteria for age determination in the California Gull (Larus californicus), with the size of the testes and seminiferous tubules, and with the stages of spermatogenesis appeared in the preceding issue of the Condor (Johnston, 1956). The conclusion of this work concerns further phases of the male reproductive cycle, namely, intertubular histology of the testis, incubation patches, and subadult breeding, and it presents data on the female reproductive cycle. Also included in Part II is a general summary. INTERTUBULAR HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS Several different kinds of intertubular cells have been described from several different species of birds, and there is limited agreement among various authors as to the morphology and physiology of the intertubular cell types. Some of these differences in opinion undoubtedly stem from the fact that different species have been studied. Other authors, however, working in a less detailed fashion, have merely referred to the presence or absence of secretory interstitial cells without reference to the other morphological types present, but the recent work of Marshall (1949) indicates that the complete morphological picture of intertubular tissue must be understood before the secretory nature of the cell types can be correctly interpreted. At least two detailed studies of intertubular histology have been carried out recently: on the White-crowned Sparrow by Blanchard and Erickson (1949) and on the Fulmar by Marshall (1949). These authors recognized six or more different morphological cell types in the intertubular areas in each of these species, and it is possible to equate some of these types between the two species. Microscopic examination of testes from the California Gull revealed the fact that most if not all of the intertubular cells in this species were rather similar to those described and illustrated by Marshall for the Fulmar. Since Marshall utilized special stains to differentiate some of the cell types, it was not possible in all cases to compare directly the different kinds of cells between the Fulmar and the California Gull. Furthermore, in the gull material no attempt was made to relegate connective tissue cells to the detailed subgroups which Blanchard and Erickson recognize. In the California Gull the following kinds of intertubular cells were identified: 1. Melanoblast. These cells may vary in size and shape but generally are large and dendritic. At times, especially during the winter and in subadult birds, the melanin granules tend to obscure other intertubular cells as well as the structure of the melanoblast itself. 2. Juvenal interstitial cell. This kind of cell was not investigated as thoroughly with special stains as it was in Marshalls study. It is generally recognized by its relatively small size and rounded appearances of cytoplasm and nucleus. As Marshall points out, this type is common in immature birds and adults not in breeding condition. Presumably, these cells develop into the next type. If they do, there is a great mortality because the mature cells are never as numerous as the juvenal ones. 3. Mature interstitial cell. It was sometimes difficult to decide whether a given cell was juvenal or mature due to gradations in size, but a typical mature cell is larger than any other intertubular cell type. Usually, in breeding adults the mature cells are clumped together in groups up to about ten, but occasionally a single cell is wedged in the intertubular spaces. Some cells identified as this type, on the basis of size alone, might have been the fuchsinophil type found by Marshall and others. 4. Connective tissue cell. This is the most consistent type of cell found in the intertubular spaces and is at times the dominant cell type present. These small cells have spindle-shaped nuclei and cytoplasm and are about the same size or perhaps a little smaller than the juvenal interstitial cells.

Populations and Distribution of Summer Birds of Latah County, Idaho

During the summer of 1947 the writer was employed by the Fish and Wildlife Service to make studies on the effects of DDT on birds in northern Idaho. The present paper is based upon population studies made during those investigations, and the writers observations and collections of birds made between June 1 and August 16 (exclusive of a three-week period in July when further DDT studies were being carried out in Wyoming). To make the annotated list as complete as possible, records were compiled by examination of three unpublished theses (Arvey, 1940; Engler, 1938; and Olson, 1942) and two published papers (Arvey, 1947; and Hand, 1941) dealing with the birds of Latah County and northern Idaho. The list also includes specimens from Idaho in the Connor Museuni at the State College of Washington. Acknowledgements are due to Lowell Adams, Fish and Wildlife Service, Missoula, Montana, for valuable assistance in the preparation of this paper and for many notes concerning the fauna of the region; John W. Aldrich, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., for examination of the specimens collected; G. E. Hudson, Curator, Charles R. Connor Museum, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington, for permission to examine specimens from Idaho in that museum; and Eugene P. Odum, Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, for suggestions regarding the preparation of this paper.