David W. Ladner

Oxidation of Methylquinolines with Nickel Peroxide

Abstract Room temperature oxidation of 2-(or 3-)methylquinoline-3-(or 2-)carboxylic acid with 3.25 eq nickel peroxide in aqueous base gives quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic acid in high yield. No reaction occurs for methylpyridinecarboxylic acids under these conditions.

Recent Studies of Imidazolinone Herbicides and Related Compounds

Imidazolinone herbicides have become established as an important class of herbicides. This report is a review of the recent work in this area. Chemical studies have provided novel derivatives and novel routes to new and existing analogs, and entry into the related series of compounds, the sulfonylcarboxamides. The newer structures have added to the understanding of structure-activity relationships, both in whole plants and at the enzyme level. Mode of action studies have helped clarify the cause of plant death, and studies on uptake and translocation have provided insight into key requirements for activity. More detail concerning the metabolism in plants of the compounds is now known and the effect of the safener, naphthalic anhydride, has been studied. Crop hybrids, resistant to imidazolinones have been developed, leading to expanded use of these compounds. Widespread use of imidazolinones and other AHAS-inhibiting compounds has elicited concern about herbicide resistance, and recommendations for dealing with this problem have been made. Future work with this major herbicide class will likely focus on new crop uses, controlling environmental behavior, and gaining a deeper understanding of the mode of action.