Debasmita Dubey

Surveillance of infection status of drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Indian teaching hospital

Objective To access nosocomial and community accounts of multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated by surveillance in a teaching hospital, over a period of 30 months.

Surveillance of multidrug resistance of two Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria in a teaching hospital and in vitro efficacy of 30 ethnomedicinal plants used by an aborigine of India

Abstract Objective To record hospital- and community-acquired accounts of multidrug resistance (MDR) of two Gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), by surveillance, and to evaluate antibacterial potencies of 30 plants with information on ethnomedicinal uses for infectious ailments by the aborigine Kandha tribe of Kalahandi district, Odisha (India), against both pathogens. Methods Over a period of 6 months bacteria/ strains of S. aureus and E. faecalis were isolated from clinical samples in a teaching hospital and their antibiograms were ascertained using 17 antibiotics of 9 different groups. S. aureus strains were further tested for confirmation if they were methicillin and vancomycin resistant, similarly, E. faecalis strains for vancomycin resistance. Concentrated aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves/barks of 30 plants were used for monitoring their antimicrobial potencies, by the agar-well diffusion method, along with qualitative phytochemical analyses. Results From the surveillance, both pathogens were found MDR and it was evident that the distribution of MDR strains was more in hospital-acquired than community-acquired samples. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of plants, Diospyrous melanoxylon, Woodfordia fruticosa (W. fruticosa), Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum), Dalbergia paniculata and Lantana camara had the most significant in vitro controlling capacity against MDR strains of both bacteria. Further, extracts of Holarrhena antidysenterica, Aspidopterys tomentosa and Argyreia speciosa had moderate antibacterial activities. Ethanolic extracts of L. camara, O. indicum and W. fruticosa contained all the phytochemicals, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids, which could be attributed to the recorded significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion S. aureus strains have been found as the most widely prevailing pathogens in nosocomial settings, than in community. Plants, L. camara. W. fruticosa, O. indicum and P. santalinus, particularly could be useful for a use as complementary/ supplementary/alternative therapeutic agents against Gram-positive pathogens.

Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants used by aborigines of Kalahandi, Orissa, India against multidrug resistant bacteria

Abstract Objective To evaluate the antimicrobial potency of 20 non-edible and/or poisonous plants used by an aborigine tribe (Kandha) of Kalahandi district for infectious diseases. Methods Over a period of 5 months from two hospitals, 10 pathogenic bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), Acinetobacter sp., Citrobacter freundii ( C. freundii ), Chromobacterium violeceum ( C. violeceum ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa ), Salmonella typhi ( S. typhi ) and Vibrio cholerae ( V. cholerae ) were isolated to pure axenic cultures from clinical samples. Water and ethanolic extracts of leaves and barks were concentrated before monitoring antimicrobial activity by agar-well diffusion method. Results All bacterial strains isolated were multidrug resistant. Ethanolic extract of most plants had effective antimicrobial activity against all the isolated multidrug resistant bacteria. Plants, Anthocephalus cadamba ( A. cadamba ) and Pterocarpus santalinus ( P. santalinus ) had antibacterial effect on all used bacteria. Water extract of several plants too had effective antimicrobial activity for all bacteria used. Effective in vitro control of MDR strains of Acinetobacter sp., C. freundii, Proteus sp . and P. aeruginosa , the most potential urinary tract infection causing organisms by plant extracts of all major plant used herein is recorded. MDR C. violaceum isolated from skin lesions was found to be resistant to imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam and amoxyclav and was found sensitive to 13 plant extracts. Conclusion Effective in vitro control of MDR strains of Acinetobacter sp., C. freundii, Proteus sp. and P. aeruginosa ; enteropathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. typhi, Klebsiella s p. and V. cholerae were found to be well controlled by all plant extracts used.

Status of multidrug resistance in tubercle bacillus and phytochemicals for the control

AimThe purpose of this study is to present the possibility of the control of the appalling tubercle bacillus (TB) strains of the present time with pure phytochemicals as a complementary or palpable source of drugs.Present problemMultidrug resistant (MDR) strains of TB for the current first-line drugs have emerged independently in several countries. The second-line or the reserve-line drugs are less often used for more side effects.PossibilityExtracts and pure phytochemicals of several plants are reported from many laboratories to have control over TB in vitro, which indicated that phytochemicals could be the suitable complementary candidates in the control of the range of MDR-TB strains, along with an ongoing treatment regimen. Extracts from plants, Lantana hispida, Eremophila, Galenia africana, Dodonea angustifolia, Bridelia micrantha, Achyrocline alata and Swinglea glutinosa, specifically phytochemicals, 5,7,2′-trihydroxyflavone, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole and limonene have been reported to have promising antitubercular activity in vitro. Pure phytochemicals should have the coveted credibility as complementary medicines and those could lend themselves for further manipulation before the use against TB.ConclusionSome avant-garde drug is the need of the day for TB, and pure phytochemicals could be considered.

Surveillance of multidrug resistance of 6 uropathogens in a teaching hospital and in vitro control by 25 ethnomedicinal plants used by an aborigine of India

Abstract Objective To evaluate antimicrobial potencies of 25 plants with reports on ethnomedicinal uses for infectious ailments by the aborigine Kandha tribe of Kalahandi district, Odisha state, India for urinary tract infections. Methods Over a period of 6 months, multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of 6 uropathogenic bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii), Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were isolated from clinical samples in a teaching hospital; their antibiograms were ascertained. Concentrated aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and barks of plants were used for monitoring their antimicrobial potencies, by the agar-well diffusion method. Phytochemical analyses of plant parts were done. Results All isolated bacterial strains were resistant to 15 antibiotics of 6 groups including β-lactams. From a surveillance of bacterial isolates, it was evident that the distribution of MDR strains of each was more in hospital acquired isolates than the community acquired ones. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of plants, Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos), Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) were highly effective against MDR isolates of all these pathogens. Several plants were moderately effective during in vitro control of the pathogens. Plants, Anthocephalus cadamba (A. cadamba), Cleistanthus collinus (C. collinus) and Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) were totally ineffective in the control of isolated MDR uropathogen. A. indica, T. arjuna and T. alata contained the full range of phytochemicals (alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids), which could be attributed to the significant anti-uropathogenic activities. Conclusion Plants, A. indica, A. marmelos, Cassia fistula (C. fistula), T. arjuna, Salvadora persica (S. persica), W. somnifera and Vitex negundo (V. negundo), particularly could be useful for an use as complementary/supplementary medicines for MDR uropathogens.

Surveillance of ESBL producing multidrug resistant Escherichia coli in a teaching hospital in India.

Objective To record nosocomial and community-acquired accounts of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, isolated from clinical samples of a teaching hospital by surveillance, over a period of 39 months (November 2009-January 2013).

Detection of metallo β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal septicemia

Abstract A 10-day old preterm neonate, appropriate for the date, was admitted for lethargy and feeding intolerance. By culturing its blood, the antibiogram of the causative bacterium was ascertained by both Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the Vitek2 system. Due clinical steps were taken for survival of the baby. The baby was suffering from septicemia. The causative bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). The isolated strain was found resistant to a total of 17 antibiotics; the strain was positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase production and resistant to two carbapenems, imipenem and meropenem. The baby could not survive. The baby was infected with an appalling strain of K. pneumoniae with a capacity to produce metallo β-lactamase overriding carbapenems, which is found to present in the state of Odisha, India.

Which value should be used as the lethal concentration 50 (LC(50)) with bacteria

Computations of lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of a data-set of a toxicity study on an herbicide against a cyanobacterium were performed by general linear regression, Spearman-Karber and probit transformation methods, for evaluation of the methods used. It is shown that the linear regression method yields some faulty LC50 value, while both of Spearman-Karber and probit methods yield similar and statistically respectable LC50 values. In the Spearman-Karber method, a prerequisite of some uniform dose-interval of test-chemical and tiring calculations were involved. But, the probit method is less tiring and additionally computed LC25 and LC75 values help assess the solicited accuracy of the LC50 value and other test-statistics, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), highest-permissive concentration (HPC), and a few more with respect to lethal concentration 100 (LC100) without prerequisite of any uniform dose-interval of test-chemical. Further, the redundancy of computations of standard error (SE) and 95% confidence limits (CL) of the LC50 value is suggested, as CL values are so wide to spoil LC50 accuracy that is solicited in toxicology.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Leaf Extract and Host Toxicity Testing With In Vitro Cultured Lymphocytes From Human Umbilical Cord Blood.

Objectives To locate a plant with suitable phytochemicals for use as antimicrobial agents to control multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria as a complementary medicine, without host toxicity as monitored through cultured lymphocytes from human umbilical cord blood. Methods The methanol crude leaf extract of the plant Woodfordia fruticosa was subjected to antimicrobial assay in vitro with nine pathogenic MDR bacteria from clinical samples. This was followed by bioassay-guided fractionation with seven non-polar to polar solvents, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the n-butanol fraction, and monitoring of the host toxicity of the leaf extract with in vitro grown lymphocytes from human umbilical cord blood. Results The leaf extract of W. fruticosa had a controlling capacity for MDR bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the n-butanol fraction were < 1.89 mg/mL extract and 9.63 mg/mL extract, respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry spectrum of the n-butanol fraction confirmed the presence of 13 peaks of different compounds with retention times of 9.11 minutes, 9.72 minutes, 10.13 minutes, 10.78 minutes, 12.37 minutes, 12.93 minutes, 18.16 minutes, 21.74 minutes, 21.84 minutes, 5.96 minutes, 12.93 minutes, 24.70 minutes, and 25.76 minutes. The six leading compounds were: diethyl phthalate: IUPAC name: diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate; 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol: IUPAC name: 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenol; (E )-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol: IUPAC name: (2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol; 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E ): IUPAC name: 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol; 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E); 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol: IUPAC name: 2-methoxy-4-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]phenol; hexadecanoic acid: IUPAC name: hexadecanoic acid. Conclusion The presence of antimicrobial compounds that are therapeutically potent against MDR bacteria was confirmed in W. fruticosa. The crude leaf extract showed no host toxicity with human lymphocytes; the n-butanol fraction of the extract was the most suitable bioactive fraction. The terpenes isolated were: 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, 2,6-octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-(E)-2,6-octadienal, 3,7-dimethylcyclohexanol, and cyclohexanol, 2-methylene-5-(1-methylethenyl) which were reported to have specifically antimicrobial activity.

Infection dynamics of vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis in an Indian teaching hospital

esculin medium contains esculin and peptone for nutrition and bile to inhibit growth of GP bacteria, in other than streptococci or enterococci. Organisms, which split from esculin molecules and use the liberated glucose to supply energy, release esculin into the medium. The free esculin reacts with ferric citrate in the medium to form a phenolic iron complex, which turns the agar