Débora Martins Cattoni

Características do sistema estomatognático de crianças respiradoras orais: enfoque antroposcópico

BACKGROUND the use of anthroposcopy in the assessment of posture and morphology of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children. AIM to describe the postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children, according to age. METHOD participants were 100 children, of both genders, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition and with the diagnosis of mouth breathing. The investigated postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system were labial and lingual resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, hyperfunction of the mentalis muscle during labial occlusion, bite and morphology of the lower lip, cheeks and hard palate, using the anthroposcopy methodology. RESULTS the results referring to the characterization of the studied population, according to the most frequent otorhinolaryngologic diagnosis, was of enlarged pharyngeal and palatine tonsils. A statistically significant difference was found between the percentages of each otorhinolaryngologic diagnosis, according to age. The results of the characteristics of the stomatognathic system indicated that the most common aspects in the studied sample were: half-open lips when in the resting position, tongue lowered on the mouths floor in the resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, hyperfunction of the mentalis muscle during labial occlusion, alterations of bite, labioverted, symmetry of the cheeks and alteration of the hard palate. All of the studied characteristics presented the same frequency with the increase in age, with no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION mouth breathing children presented pathologic adaptations in the postural and morphological characteristics of the stomatognathic system. This suggests the importance of early diagnosis in order to avoid orofacial alterations.

Tipologia facial aplicada à Fonoaudiologia: revisão de literatura

A face humana, com suas estruturas osseas e musculares, apresenta caracteristicas proprias e peculiares. Pode ser classificada em tres tipos basicos, os quais tem relacao com a variacao do formato e da configuracao craniofacial, tanto no sentido vertical como no horizontal e influenciam diretamente a oclusao dentaria, harmonia facial, musculatura orofacial e funcoes estomatognaticas. Por essa razao, diagnosticar o tipo facial e importante para a clinica fonoaudiologica. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisao de literatura relacionada as caracteristicas dos tipos faciais e apresentar as pesquisas e os estudos mais recentes sobre o tema. Para atingir tal meta, fez-se um levantamento bibliografico nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, Web of Science e Google Academico, alem de livros, dissertacoes e teses sobre o assunto dos ultimos dez anos. Varias pesquisas em campo comprovaram algumas caracteristicas dos tipos faciais encontradas, principalmente, em referencias mais antigas. Alguns aspectos, porem, foram controversos ao se comparar os tipos faciais como a atividade eletromiografica do musculo masseter, modo respiratorio e o comprimento do labio superior e do filtro. Pode-se constatar que conhecer o tipo facial e correlaciona-lo as funcoes estomatognaticas, musculatura e oclusao e um fator importante para a pratica clinica, mas o profissional deve ser flexivel ao comparar as caracteristicas do paciente com a literatura. Dessa forma, pode-se evitar determinar uma anormalidade ou atipia quando nao for o caso, e ocorrer apenas uma variabilidade ou adaptacao.

Medidas antropométricas orofaciais de crianças paulistanas e norte-americanas: estudo comparativo

BACKGROUND Anthropometric orofacial measurements of children from Sao Paulo and from North America. AIM To describe the anthropometric orofacial measurements of children from Sao Paulo and to compare the obtained means to the North American norms. METHOD Participants were 254 children, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, with no history of speech, language and hearing disorders or treatment. The investigated anthropometric orofacial measurements were the height of the upper lip, the height of lower lip, the length of the philtrum and the height of lower face. In order to obtain these measurements, an electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727 was used. RESULTS The obtained data for the height of the upper lip, the height of the lower lip and the height of the lower face are below the means described for North American children. When considering the length of the philtrum, similar results were found between the research sample and North American children. CONCLUSION The results of the measurements of the present sample referring to the height of the upper lip, the height of the lower lip and height of the lower face are below the values reported for North American children. The North American norms are not valid for the children of our population, except for the length of the philtrum.

Medidas orofaciais em adolescentes do estado do Rio de Janeiro segundo a tipologia facial

PURPOSE: to check if there is any difference among the orofacial measurements, according to the facial typology. METHODS: 39 leukoderm teenagers, aged between 15 -17-year old of both genders, with permanent dentition and with no history of speech and swallowing disorders or treatment. Using a digital instrument (CE ELECTRONIC), measures we carried out concerning length of the upper and lower lip and philtrum, thirds of the face as well of the sides of the face measures. RESULTS: considering the facial topology variable, there was a difference as for the length of the upper lip and philtrum and superior and inferior thirds of the face according to the facial type. We did not observe difference among the facial types as for the length of the lower lip and middle thirds of the face and the measures on both sides of the face. CONCLUSION: in the studied sample, the length of upper lip was bigger in the long face than in the medium face, the length of the philtrum was bigger in the long face than in the short face, the superior thirds of the face was bigger in the medium face than in the others types and inferior thirds was bigger in the long face than in the short face.

Medidas e proporções antropométricas orofaciais de crianças respiradoras orais

PURPOSE: To describe the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children and to compare the average of the right side of the face to the average of the left side of the face, according to age. METHODS: One hundred children of both sexes, with ages ranging from seven to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition period and with mouth breathing diagnosis participated in the study. The children were submitted to anthropometric assessment, and the orofacial measurements obtained were upper lip, lower lip, philtrum, upper face, middle face, lower face and sides of the face. The instrument used was the electronic digital sliding caliper Starrett Series 727. RESULTS: There was statistically no difference among the averages of the anthropometric orofacial measurements of mouth breathing children, according to age, with exception of the middle face and the sides of the face. There was also no difference among the averages of the orofacial proportions of mouth breathing children, with exception of the proportion between upper face and middle face, and between the averages of the sides of the face, according to age. CONCLUSIONS: Statistically, no differences were found among most of the averages of the orofacial measurements and proportions of mouth breathing children, according to age.

Relação entre cefalometria e análise facial na determinação do tipo de face

PURPOSE: to correlate the cephalometrical findings with the ones from facial analysis performed by means of photographs to classify facial type, according to the gender. METHODS: 105 leukoderm adults took part, 34 male (32.4%) and 71 female (67.6%) with ages between 20 and 40 years old, in a private orthodontic clinic in Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. The cephalometrics analysis findings for determining facial type from the Ricketts VERT index were compared with the facial classification performed by means of clinical facial analysis based on observation of two photographs. For this analysis, three Speech and Language Pathologists specialized in orofacial myology were involved. RESULTS: there was no satisfactory correspondence when comparing the two forms of facial type classification presented in this study. Most of the dolichofacial males were classified as medium face by means of facial analysis, meaning four among seven subjects (57.14%). The eleven mesofacial subjects were identified as medium face (N=5; 45.45%) or short (N=4; 36.36%) and the 16 braquifacial subjects as medium face (N=9; 56.25%) or short (N=7; 43.75%). With females, it was observed that 11 among 20, meaning 55% of the dolichofacial individuals were appointed as medium face. Among the 26 mesofacial subjects, 16 (61.53%) were also classified as medium face. Regarding the 25 braquifacial subjects, 12 (48%) were identified as short face and 11 (44%), as medium. CONCLUSION: facial type classification based only on facial analysis performed by means of photographs was not considered trustworthy, if used independently, when compared with cephalometrics analysis findings.

Proposta para determinação do tipo facial a partir da antropometria

PURPOSE To describe orofacial indexes and proportions in adults, according to facial type and gender, and to verify the possibility to establish a way of classifying face based on anthropometry. METHODS Participants were 105 leukoderm adults, 34 male (32.4%) and 71 female (67.6%), with ages between 20 and 40 years old, patients in a private orthodontic clinic in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings from the cephalometric analysis contained in their orthodontic records were used for determination of facial type. Subjects were divided according to gender and facial type, and were submitted to anthropometric facial measures obtained directly through a caliper rule. These measures were compared to six variables: facial index, lower face index, upper face index, chin-face height proportion, chin height proportion, and mandibular height proportion. RESULTS The average values obtained by the subjects divided into genders and facial types that presented significant differences were: facial index, lower face index, upper face index, and mandibular height proportion for males, and mandibular height proportion, for females. To predict facial types, the following parameters were considered significant: facial index, upper face index and mandibular height proportion for the dolichofacial type, for males; and mandibular height proportion for the dolichofacial and lower face index for the brachyfacial type, for females. CONCLUSION Some indexes and orofacial proportions present variations according to facial types and genders. In general, the anthropometric variables in this study are not good predictors to determine facial types.

Distância interincisiva máxima em crianças respiradoras bucais

INTRODUCTION: The maximum interincisal distance is an important aspect in the orofacial myofunctional evaluation, because orofacial myofunctional disorders can limit the mouth opening. AIM: To describe the maximum interincisal distance of the mouth breathing children, according to age, and to compare the averages of the maximum interincisal distance of mouth breathing children to those of children with no history of speech-language pathology disorders. METHODS: Ninety-nine mouth breathing children participated, of both genders, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, Caucasian, in mixed dentition. The control group was composed by 253 children, with ages ranging from 7 years to 11 years and 11 months, Caucasian, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech-language pathology disorders. RESULTS: The results show that the average of the maximum interincisal distance of the mouth breathing children was, considering the total sample, 43.55 millimeters, and it did not show statistically significant difference between averages according to age. There is no statistically significant difference between the maximum interincisal distances averages of the mouth breathing children and the averages of this distance of the control group children. CONCLUSIONS: The maximum interincisal distance is one measure that did not modify in mouth breathing children, during mixed dentition period, according to age, and seems not to be altered in this population. It is also observed the importance of use of the caliper in objective evaluation of the maximum interincisal distance.

Medidas faciais antropométricas de adultos segundo tipo facial e sexo

OBJETIVO: descrever medidas antropometricas faciais de adultos, segundo tipo facial e sexo. METODOS: participaram 105 adultos leucodermas, 34 (32,4%) homens e 71 (67,6%) mulheres, com idades entre 20 e 40 anos, de uma clinica particular de ortodontia de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Foram comparados os achados da analise cefalometrica para determinacao do tipo de face com sete medidas antropometricas faciais diretas: altura facial anterior- nasio ao mentoniano; distância bizigomatica- zigomatico esquerdo ao direito; altura do terco facial inferior- subnasal ao mentoniano; altura da face media- nasio ao estomio; altura do queixo- supramentoniano ao mentoniano; altura da face inferior- estomio ao mentoniano; e altura facial posterior- condilio ao gonio. RESULTADOS: para o sexo masculino, os tipos faciais classificados por meio da cefalometria apresentaram diferencas estatisticamente significantes para os valores medios das medidas antropometricas: altura facial anterior, altura do terco facial inferior, altura da face media e altura da face inferior. Para o sexo feminino, diferencas estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nas medidas: altura facial anterior, altura do terco facial inferior, altura da face media, altura da face inferior e altura facial posterior. CONCLUSAO: houve dimorfismo sexual para todas as medidas antropometricas obtidas, as quais tiveram valores medios maiores para o sexo masculino quando comparados ao feminino. Os tipos faciais classificados por meio da cefalometria apresentaram diferencas estatisticamente significantes para quatro medidas antropometricas do sexo masculino e cinco do feminino.

Distância interincisiva máxima em crianças na dentadura mista

The maximum interincisal distance is very important during the orofacial myofunctional evaluation, because orofacial myofunctional disorders can modify this measurement. The aim of this study was to describe the maximum interincisal distance and to verify if there is statistically significant difference among the averages of this measurement, according age and gender. 253 children participated, with ages ranging from 7,0 to 11,11 years, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech and swallowing disorders. The results showed that the average of the maximum interincisal distance was 44,75mm and showed statistically significant difference among averages according age, in male. Girls showed lower averages than boys. As conclusion of this reseach, it is observed the importance of considering the age and the gender during the evaluation of the maximum interincisal distance.