Deborah S. King

Cognitive Impairment Associated with Atorvastatin and Simvastatin

Clinical guidelines for cholesterol testing and management have been updated recently. With the evolving recognition of benefits and intensified recommendations for cholesterol management, many more patients will require cholesterol‐lowering drugs. All the statins share similar adverse‐effect profiles, with a low overall frequency of undesirable effects. Emerging data associate statins with a decreased risk of Alzheimers disease; however, we report two women who experienced significant cognitive impairment temporally related to statin therapy. One woman took atorvastatin, and the other first took atorvastatin, then was rechallenged with simvastatin. Clinicians should be aware of cognitive impairment and dementia as potential adverse effects associated with statin therapy.

Body weight status, dietary habits, and physical activity levels of middle school-aged children in rural Mississippi.

Objectives: Obesity and cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in the Southeast as compared with other geographic regions of the United States. However, few investigations have addressed health disparities among children in rural Southeastern areas. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the risk of overweight and obesity in middle school-aged children residing in a racially diverse rural community, and to characterize their dietary and physical activity habits. Methods: Two hundred and five middle school children from Scott County, Mississippi were enrolled in this investigation. Measurements included height, weight, body mass index, dietary intake using a 24-hour recall, and physical activity level using pedometers. Results: Of the 205 children studied, 54% were “overweight” or “at risk for overweight” according to a body mass index-for-age sex-specific percentile. Intake of saturated fat and sodium exceeded recommended levels, whereas intake of calcium, fruits, and vegetables was inadequate. One third of the sample consumed 12 fluid ounces or more of soda on the day of the recall. Physical activity level was below that previously reported for children in this age range, and knowledge of the importance of diet and physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease was poor, particularly among African-American children. Conclusions: The children in our sample are at increased risk for overweight and obesity. Factors that may be targeted for intervention include a reduction in dietary intake of fat, saturated fat, sodium, and soft drinks, and an increased intake of fruits and vegetables. Physical activity should be encouraged. Many of these factors could be improved through changes within the school environment.

Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase health knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Mississippi middle school children.

Background: Few school-based interventions have been evaluated to assess health awareness among children in rural southern areas. The purpose of this controlled investigation was to increase health awareness among middle school-aged children residing in a racially diverse rural community in Mississippi. Methods: This investigation assessed health knowledge before and after a 16-week school-based intervention in 205 fifth-grade students. Height, weight, BMI, body composition, waist circumference, dietary intake, blood lipids and lipoprotein concentrations, blood glucose concentrations, and resting blood pressure were measured to enhance student awareness of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Values in the intervention school were compared with those obtained simultaneously in a control school within the same community. Results: The school-based intervention was effective in increasing health knowledge in the intervention as compared with the control school. Secondarily, it was effective in improving certain dietary behaviors. Utilizing health care professionals in the classroom to teach students appropriate lifestyles and actually measuring cardiovascular risk factors to increase awareness among students was effective in increasing overall health knowledge. Conclusions: Health knowledge of rural adolescents can be increased through partnerships with schools and multidisciplinary teams of health care professionals. Ongoing efforts to reduce childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors are urgently needed, and information obtained during this investigation may be used in planning school-based interventions in other diverse, rural communities.

The Natural Treatment of Hypertension

The goal of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of commonly available dietary supplements in the treatment of hypertension, using the average blood pressure reduction achieved with the implementation of lifestyle modifications as a standard. For this reason, the authors focus on the antihypertensive potential of these agents rather than pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, or supplement‐drug interactions. For the purpose of this review, dietary supplements are defined as exhibiting some evidence of benefit if a systolic blood pressure reduction of 9.0 mm Hg or greater and/or a diastolic blood pressure reduction of 5.0 mm Hg or greater has been observed in previously published, peer‐reviewed trials. These defining limits are based on the average blood pressure reduction associated with the implementation of certain lifestyle modifications. Agents with some evidence of benefit include coenzyme Q10, fish oil, garlic, vitamin C, and L‐arginine.

Drug‐Induced Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Based on data from 1988 to 1994, it is estimated that 24% of adults in the United States meet the criteria for diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. The use of certain medications may increase the risk of the metabolic syndrome by either promoting weight gain or altering lipid or glucose metabolism. Health providers should recognize and understand the risk associated with certain medications and appropriately monitor for changes related to the metabolic syndrome. Careful attention to drug choices should be paid in patients who are overweight or have other risk factors for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

Exercise, Insulin Resistance, and Hypertension: A Complex Relationship

More than 300,000 deaths occur annually in the United States alone as a result of obesity, poor dietary habits, or physical inactivity. Obesity is now an increasingly recognized independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and leads to numerous other comorbidities. The causal relationships between obesity and both insulin resistance and hypertension have been consistently demonstrated in numerous studies. The relationships consist of cascading events involving insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and other hormones that often precipitate the development of metabolic syndrome. As we learn more about the metabolic activity of the adipose tissue, we can better identify the mechanisms that associate weight reduction with a decrease in health risks. Evidence suggests that exercise produces a positive effect on weight reduction, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure. Therefore, weight reduction and therapeutic changes in lifestyle should be encouraged in all overweight and obese patients. It is imperative to increase the awareness of the obesity epidemic and to emphasize the importance of exercise as both treatment and prevention of metabolic disease.

Therapeutic Considerations in the Treatment of Obesity Hypertension

Obesity, now recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is closely associated with hypertension. Complex mechanisms link increasing body weight with increasing blood pressure. Treatment of the obese patient with hypertension requires consideration of physiologic changes related to obesity hypertension. Lifestyle modification, including weight reduction and increased physical activity, can directly influence blood pressure levels and improve blood pressure control in obese, hypertensive patients. Clinical trials are needed to determine the most effective antihypertensive drugs for the obese, hypertensive patient. Antiobesity drugs offer viable adjunctive pharmacotherapy for obesity hypertension, but additional long‐term studies are needed to support their safety and efficacy.

Relationship between antihypertensive drugs and metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Based on data from 1988 to 1994, it is estimated that 24% of adults in the United States meet the criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The use of certain medications increases the risk for metabolic syndrome by either promoting weight gain or the development of changes in lipid or glucose metabolism. Diuretics and beta-blockers are among the agents recommended for first-line therapy for hypertension, yet these medications increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Healthcare providers should recognize and understand the risk associated with antihypertensive agents and should appropriately monitor for changes related to metabolic syndrome. Careful attention to drug choices should be given with patients who are overweight or have other risk factors for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

Overview of Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity: Past Experiences, Present Options, and Future Directions

Objective: To review the literature regarding the past, present, and future pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of obesity. Data Sources: Articles were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966–April 2005) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2005) using the key words obesity, antiobesity agents, sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, and leptin. Additional resources were identified by examining the references of the articles cited. Searches were limited by human subject and English language, but were not limited by time of publication. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Large-scale clinical studies of pharmacologic agents used to treat obesity were selected for this review including agents that were previously available, currently available, and those currently undergoing clinical trials. Data Synthesis: Thyroid hormone was the first antiobesity agent used. Several other agents have been withdrawn from the market due to adverse effects. Current therapies indicated for obesity management include orlistat, sibutramine, and noradrenergic agents. Future therapies include both newer agents and existing agents that are principally used for other indications, mainly diabetes, depression, and seizure disorders. Conclusions: Obesity is a major epidemic in the US, affecting over half of the population. Past experiences with the pharmacologic treatment of obesity have been disappointing and, in some cases, harmful to patients. Current options are available that include noradrenergic agents, orlistat, and sibutramine. However, these agents still have only demonstrated limited efficacy for short-term use plus some undesirable adverse effects. Newer treatment options are being evaluated as new pathways are being identified and other related factors are being discovered.

Does it matter how we lower blood pressure

The risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension has decreased dramatically over the last 40 years. This impressive reduction is attributable in part to an increased awareness of the risk related to hypertension, to an emphasis on treatment to lower target blood pressures, and to the development of more effective antihypertensive drugs. Several recent studies have revealed potential blood pressure-independent protective effects of some agents, creating a debate on whether different drug classes actually confer a beneficial effect beyond the effect on blood pressure. Studies are needed to assess the contributions of blood pressure and its components versus blood pressure-independent effects on the reduction of cardiovascular risk.