Dell Hymes

Evidence for Penutian in Lexical Sets with Initial *C- and *S-

1 This paper was prepared for a symposium at the International Congress of Americanists, Mexico City, August 1962, at which it was distributed and discussed, but which I was unable to attend. I am indebted to Morris Swadesh for inviting my participation in the symposium, and for his comments and contribution to editing the paper for publication. This seems the place to express a longstanding obligation and gratitude to him for encouragement and stimulation, since my interest in Penutian first burgeoned as a result of field work in Chinookan in 1951, and a visit of his to Indiana a year or so later. I must also thank Terence Kaufman, and Haruo Aoki, for making possible the inclusion of certain Mixe-Zoque, and Nez PerceNorthern Sahaptin, forms, respectively; and Kaufman, Stanley Newman and William Shipley for their helpful comments. Kaufman is preparing a monograph, Mixe-Zoque Comparative Studies, on whose preliminary results he has generously enabled me to draw. 2a Zuni is not included here, because this paper tion is essentially that of a working paper, and properly so, given the present status of our knowledge of Penutian. The underlying attitude is one of confidence in the progress of our understanding of Penutian, combined with belief in the necessity of step-by-step, collaborative efforts to achieve it. The family is too far-flung and complex, the necessary lines of specialized knowledge too varied, for any one person to be able to do more than contribute to a collective task, until definitive studies do in fact become possible. Exchange of material, mutual checking out of hypotheses, pooling of insights, are required. No one would have expected comparative Indo-European to have been the work of one man, or of a few years, and the same holds true a fortiori for Penutian, which parallels Indo-European in scope, and lacks its resources of early documents and native linguistic traditions. Four points of significance are brought forward:

Verse Analysis of a Wasco Text: Hiram Smith's "At'Unaqa"

0. Introduction 1. Successive presentations 2. Prose paragraphs (1956, 1967) 3. First verse analysis (1976, July 1978) 4. Final verse analysis (August, December 1978), English translation, and Wasco text 5. Structural comments 6. Structural comparison 6.1. Levels 6.2. Conventions 7. Comparison of analyses in terms of conventions 7.1. Prose paragraphs 7.2. First verse analysis 7.3. Final verse analysis

The Earliest Clackamas Text

0. Introduction. Almost all we can know about Clackamas Chinook depends on texts and supplementary information recorded by Melville Jacobs from Mrs. Victoria Howard in 1929 and 1930, shortly before her death (Jacobs 1958; 1959). Mrs. Howard then lived near Oregon City in the ancestral region of the Clackamas. One other text is known to us. It was obtained in the 1890s by Jacobss mentor, Franz Boas, at Grande Ronde Reservation in western Oregon, to which the then-surviving Clackamas had been removed in 1856. Its source is not identified. The text was published by Sapir in his Wishram Texts (1909). So far as I know, it has not been discussed since. Sapirs observations on the text, and a conjecture as to its source, will be taken up in what follows. Let me say by way of introduction that close analysis of the text leads to the conclusion that its value as evidence of Clackamas is questionable, given what we now know of Clackamas and Chinookan, but that it is of considerable value for what it suggests as to an aboriginal dialect continuum, and for what it shows of code-shifting in performance, and of cultural norms of narrative patterning. In this article I take up in turn what is known about the provenience of the text (1); its dialectal affiliations (3); the question as to whether or not the source was a native speaker of Clackamas (4); and the narrative

Secondary Significance of Gender in a Wishram Text

BITTLE, WILLIAM E. 1956. The position of Kiowa Apache in the Apachean group. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. .1963. Kiowa Apache. Studies in the Athapaskan Languages, ed. H. Hoijer, pp. 76-101. UCPL 29. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. HOIJER, HARRY. 1938. The Southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist 40:75-87. .1962. Linguistic subgrouping by glottochronology and by the comparative method. Lingua 11:192-98. 1963. The Athapaskan languages. Studies in the Athapaskan Languages, ed. H. Hoijer, pp. 1-29. UCPL 29. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1971. The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 21:3-6. HULD, MARTIN E. 1983. Athapaskan bears. IJAL 49:186-95. MOONEY, JAMES E. 1896. The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 14, no. 2. OPLER, MORRIS E. 1936. The kinship systems of the Southern Athapaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist 38:620-33. POWELL, JOHN WESLEY. 1891. Indian linguistic families of American north of Mexico. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 7, no. 1:1-142.

A Note on Fishman's Review

out a background in Firthian linguistics would do well to read carefully J. Carnochans Pitch, tone and intonation in Yoruba, in the section dealing with the phonetics of non-European languages. The overall impression left after reading all articles in the book is one of slight disappointment. Surely phonetics should have progressed much further since Daniel Jones first established his brilliantly successful, but certainly limited school of articulatory phonetics? More should certainly be known in America about the British school of phonetics, but the picture gained from this volume is not completely representative. One needs to read also, for example, the British contributions to the 4th and 5th International Congresses of Phonetic Sciences4 to realize fully the liveliness and vigor of the flourishing British phonetic tradition. The book also contains a bibliography and a discography of Daniel Jones: a list of his published books, articles, pamphlets, reviews, and gramophone records. The Introduction consists of a moving personal tribute to Daniel Jones by one of his former pupils, H&lene N. Coustenoble.