Demetrius Yannelis

On the simple welfare economics of network externalities

Network externalities are analysed in the telecommunications sector and the public good character of the network is stressed. It is examined whether the presence of network externalities justifies a subscribership subsidy usually reflected in a low connection charge. The answer is, in general, positive unless network externalities are infra‐marginal, a case that exists at high penetration rates. In this case the argument for the achievement of universal service by invoking the presence of network externalities fails. This argument becomes even weaker as the expansion of the network through the provision of new goods and services creates externalities that affect all subscribers equally.

On access pricing with network externalities

It has been argued that access charges may be set optimally by applying the Efficient Component Pricing Rule (ECPR). The paper analyzes the optimality properties of the ECPR in the presence of network externalities in the telecommunications sector. It is assumed that network externalities in the fixed telephony, which is operated by an incumbent monopoly, may arise from the increase in the number of subscribers of a mobile carrier that seeks interconnection to the fixed network. It is shown that the optimality properties of the ECPR that may exist under some restrictive assumptions, do not hold in the presence of network externalities. Specifically, the ECPR may take into account the social opportunity cost with the entry of the competitor, but it fails to incorporate the social benefit accrued to consumers of the fixed telephony when network externalities are present.

ISDN services in Greece: Current status and future prospects

This paper gives an account of the present situation in the development of ISDN services in Greece by the incumbent operator OTE and examines its future development. The characteristics of the current customers and their business activities are examined and the estimated level of potential demand is presented. The paper also examines the viability of the investment project and gives an estimate of its expected return.

Fiscal and monetary multipliers under imperfect competition

A simple IS‐LM model under imperfect competition and increasing returns is examined. It is shown that when firms maximize profits the values of the fiscal and monetary policy multipliers are smaller than their respective ones under perfect competition. If firms follow a cost‐plus pricing rule, then the values of the multipliers increase but they are still less than their corresponding ones under perfect competition. In both cases the values of the multipliers approach those in the standard IS‐LM model as the mark‐up factor tends to infinity.

Pricing policy and regulation in the Greek telecommunications market

The paper examines the pricing policy that has been implemented by the Greek Telecommunications Organization (OTE) in the last seven years, as well as the role that the regulator has played in the setting of these prices. These prices are then compared to the respective ones in countries of the EU and the issues of rebalancing and regulatory capture are examined. It is shown that th e prices charged by OTE in the long-distance and international telephony are very high, whereas the price of the local call is very low. Furthermore, the imposition of the price caps by the NRA is characterized by regulatory capture.

MARGIN SQUEEZE IN THE U.S. AND THE EU: WHY THEY DIFFER?

Domestic violence in itself is one of the most difficult, specific and wide-spread social-legal problems containing the number of signs of violation. Conflict directly concerns people connected with coexistence; it has the local, exclusive character and the fight against it is less effective in accordance with common practice of fight against the crime. Specificity of the fight against the crime of this category is expressed in both complexity of its revealing and in effective and lawful choice of coercive measures against it. The issue of domestic violence has been tabooed in many countries for a long time, because the disclosure of such issues was considered as interference in people’s private life. Although the society has gradually realized that the problem of domestic violence must not be ignored as violence endangers people’s health and life. Domestic violence is not only the problem of separate individuals, it has negative effect on the other members of the family, especially on minors and leads to distortion of their psyche and consciousness which, in its turn, leads to the formation of an unhealthy situation in the society.The author analyzes the results of the four stages of victimization surveys and Unified Crime Reports prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia in 2010-2013. The results of victimization surveys and statistics reports related to indexes and structure of crime became important after the parliamentary elections held in October 1, 2012, resulted by defeating of the ruling political party “National Movement” which was in power for the last 9 years. The new coalition “Georgian Dream”, headed by the billionaire B. Ivanishvili, radically changed political climate and announced the acceleration of democratization of the country and adopted the legislation decriminalization policy. According the new policy, the government of the country carried out the general amnesty, and released more than 60% of all prisoners from the custody. Such policy became the object of serious criticism from the part of the oppositions and some experts. They have expressed concerns about the criminal situation and decreasing level of security in the country predicted anarchy and disorganizations. This article is an attempt to assess the real situation in Georgia and the level of real threat to stability posed by criminality.Everything has his pros and cons. Debtor’s rights and obligations during court order enforcement, causes of problems that may arise. This problem is in the whole country, not just in one city or in one social class. A very large number of families from everywhere around Georgia have been affected. How and where it started will be discussed below in the text. Rights of creditors and debtors overlap in many aspects. We need to be very careful when sorting out this issue. We cannot under any circumstances make a decision with a benefit of one party while the other party will suffer losses. Georgian law on “Law Enforcement” does not support in any ways rights of debtors and all the procedures highlighted are towards forcing the debtor to pay off the debt. At this stage based on the current law, current socio-economic problems, statistics, ways on sorting out the problem, this object of studies is very important and has a very high intrinsic value in its theoretical part as well as in its practical part. If the right approach is taken it is possible to minimise the need to protect rights of creditors or debtors in the futures, because every party will be fully aware of their abilities and punishments for failures to fulfil their obligations, before signing the contractThe article includes detailed employment and uniploymant analysis in each municipality. In the analysis we use results from household survey conducted by the National Statistics Service. More specific information about the labour market at the municipal level was collected through cooperation with local municipalities. For the analysis we used information from municipalities’ web pages, telephone conversations with stakeholders, personal meetings with experts and so on. It should also be noted that a certain part of the data obtained from municipalities and from administrative territorial units have an approximate nature, but based on these information it is possible to gain some valuable conclusions and make assumptions. Terms and reality of employment analysis is carried out not only at the level of the municipality but on the country and regional ones as well.This project aims to apply learning of operations research and optimizing resources to practical cases. The aim of this problem is to maximize the the fairness of the schedule , while respecting all the constraints . In regards with the results obtained after some tests ILP has found a very good solution to our problem . Better values of the penalties associated to the shifts could be defined in order to represent the reality more accurately especially by taking into account the length of the shifts. The models can also be solved by means of optimization software. As shown in this paper, the current schedules can benefit from this work. My problem is NP-hard that it means unsolvable.My objective is to do the objective values ( diff =0.1) . The ideal must be 0 but it is impossible.there is shown in the table in 5 shifts , 20 nurses 10 weeks. We see that when we increase the number of shift the objective value is decreasing. It is fact that when we add a shift the software must do more iterations but the penalty is decreasing. We see that with the same number of iterations the penalty is smaller when we add a shift.For the welfare of modern society and any state`s correct function it is very important to have straightened working court system and to ensure every person`s court accessibility. Each step of court case management is detailed in civil procedure code. The legislation of civil procedure of Georgia foresees some mechanisms and opportunities of the restriction of court accessibility, which must be studied. The meaning of this study is stipulated by huge importance of court accessibility itself and by need of due caution during its restricting. The access to the court right is reserved not only by national, but also by international law, as evidenced by Article 42 of the Constitution [1], ``The UN Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms`` Article 6 [3]. As any study issue, this one also needs scientific, systemic approach. For fully demonstrating the issue it is advised to classify and define court accessibility restriction mechanisms. Here presented work is about this matter.The Administrative Law is a part of public law, as it is depended on the subordinate principle. It aims to realize public interest. On the other hand, Enforcement Law is part of administrative space, which regulates the rules and procedures of the enforcement process for different court’s decisions as well as other acts. As administrating effects our everyday lives, it is a public interest that this process should be kept in the legal borders. This is exactly what the Administrative Law is all about. It regulates the social relations in which were government and other administrative bodies play a major role. It is true that Enforcement Law provides us with the norms, rules and procedures of the legal administration, but it is still court’s responsibility to assess the legal quality of it. This is why we need effective justice, to have the competent court ruling practice and to enforce them properly.Collision issues are discussed in family law such as conditions of marriage, results of marriage, annulment of marriage, duty of maintenance, relations between parents and children, relations related to child’s origin, conditions of adopting, guardianship and tuition. I discuss issues of guardianship and tuition in mentioned work, which I think is very interesting and actual.

On the Existence of a Temporary Unemployment Equilibrium

For a two-period model, in which firms set the wages of workers they employ, it is shown that an unemployment equilibrium may exist while the goods market clears. The unemployment that occurs in period one is due to pessimistic expectations of the firms concerning the level of their sales in period two. Firms do not have any incentive to lower the wage rate since this may decrease rather than increase the level of effective demand. Therefore, the rigidity of the wage rate is not the cause of unemployment which is due to the deficient effective demand.