Deron O. Pease

Is RX J1856.5?3754 a Quark Star?

Deep Chandra Low Energy Transmission Grating and High Resolution Camera spectroscopic observations of the isolated neutron star candidate RX J1856.5-3754 have been analyzed to search for metallic and resonance cyclotron spectral features and for pulsation behavior. As found from earlier observations, the X-ray spectrum is well represented by an ~60 eV (7 × 105 K) blackbody. No unequivocal evidence of spectral line or edge features has been found, arguing against metal-dominated models. The data contain no evidence for pulsation, and we place a 99% confidence upper limit of 2.7% on the unaccelerated pulse fraction over a wide frequency range from 10-4 to 100 Hz. We argue that the derived interstellar medium neutral hydrogen column density of 8 × 1019 cm-2 ≤ NH ≤ 1.1 × 1020 cm-2 favors the larger distance from two recent Hubble Space Telescope parallax analyses, placing RX J1856.5-3754 at ~140 pc instead of ~60 pc and in the outskirts of the R CrA dark molecular cloud. That such a comparatively rare region of high interstellar matter (ISM) density is precisely where an isolated neutron star reheated by accretion of ISM would be expected is either entirely coincidental or current theoretical arguments excluding this scenario for RX J1856.5-3754 are premature. Taken at face value, the combined observational evidence—a lack of spectral and temporal features and an implied radius of R∞ = 3.8-8.2 km that is too small for current neutron star models—points to a more compact object, such as allowed for quark matter equations of state.

First Light Measurements of Capella with the Low-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer aboard the Chandra X-Ray Observatory

We present the first X-ray spectrum obtained by the Low-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS) aboard the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The spectrum is of Capella and covers a wavelength range of 5-175 Å (2.5-0.07 keV). The measured wavelength resolution, which is in good agreement with ground calibration, is Deltalambda approximately 0.06 Å (FWHM). Although in-flight calibration of the LETGS is in progress, the high spectral resolution and unique wavelength coverage of the LETGS are well demonstrated by the results from Capella, a coronal source rich in spectral emission lines. While the primary purpose of this Letter is to demonstrate the spectroscopic potential of the LETGS, we also briefly present some preliminary astrophysical results. We discuss plasma parameters derived from line ratios in narrow spectral bands, such as the electron density diagnostics of the He-like triplets of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, as well as resonance scattering of the strong Fe xvii line at 15.014 Å.

The Darkest Bright Star: Chandra X-Ray Observations of Vega

We present X-ray observations of Vega obtained with the Chandra High Resolution Camera and Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer. After a total of 29 ks of observation with Chandra, X-rays from Vega remain undetected. We derive upper limits to the X-ray luminosity of Vega as a function of temperature over the range of 105-107 K and find a 99.7% upper limit as low as ~2 × 1025 ergs s-1 at T = 106.2 K. We also compare these new deeper observations with the limit derived from a reanalysis of ROSAT PSPC data. Our X-ray luminosity limit for Vega is still greater than predictions of post-Herbig Ae phase X-rays from the shear dynamo model proposed by Tout & Pringle for a Vega age of 350 Myr. If the age of Vega is closer to 100 Myr, as suggested by some indicators, our X-ray limit is then similar to Tout-Pringle model predictions. Current X-ray observations of Vega are therefore unable to discriminate between different scenarios explaining the X-ray activity of the convectively stable Herbig Ae/Be stars. Further progress is more likely to be achieved through X-ray observations of younger main-sequence early-type A stars, whose conjectured residual post-Herbig Ae phase X-ray activity would be significantly higher.

In-flight Performance and Calibration of the Chandra High Resolution Camera Imager (HRC-I)

In this paper we present and compare flight results with the latest results of the ground calibration for the HRC-I detector. In particular we will compare ground and in flight data on detector background, effective area, quantum efficiency and point spread response function.

Low-energy effective area of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

The Chandra X-ray Observatory was successfully launched on July 23, 1999, and subsequently began an intensive calibration phase. We present preliminary results from in- flight calibration of the low energy response of the High Resolution Camera Spectroscopic readout (HRC-S) combined with the Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) aboard Chandra. These instruments comprise the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS). For this calibration study, we employ a pure hydrogen non-LTE white dwarf emission model (Teff equals 25000 K and log g equals 9.0) for comparison with the Chandra observations of Sirius B. Pre-flight calibration of the LETGS effective area was conducted only at wavelengths shortward of 45 angstroms (E > 0.277 keV). Our Sirius B analysis shows that the HRC-S quantum efficiency (QE) model assumed for longer wavelengths overestimates the effective area on average by a factor of 1.6. We derive a correction to the low energy HRC-S QE model to match the predicted and observed Sirius B spectra over the wavelength range of 45 - 185 angstroms. We make an independent test of our results by comparing a Chandra LETGS observation of HZ 43 with pure hydrogen model atmosphere predictions and find good agreement.

In-flight performance and calibration of the Chandra high-resolution camera spectroscopic readout (HRC-S)

The High Resolution Camera (HRC) is one of two focal plane instruments on the NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory which was successfully launched on July 23, 1999. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was designed to perform high resolution spectroscopy and imaging in the X-ray band of 0.07 to 10 keV. The HRC instrument consists of two detectors, HRC-I for imaging and HRC-S for spectroscopy. Each HRC detector consists of a thin aluminized polyimide blocking filter, a chevron pair of microchannel plates and a crossed grid charge readout. The HRC-I is an approximately 100 X 100 mm detector optimized for high resolution imaging and timing, the HRC-S is an approximately 20 X 300 detector optimized to function as the readout for the Low Energy Transmission Grating. In this paper we discuss the in-flight performance of the HRC-S, and present preliminary analysis of flight calibration data and compare it with the results of the ground calibration and pre-flight predictions. In particular we will compare ground data and in-flight data on detector background, quantum efficiency, spatial resolution, pulse height resolution, and point spread response function.

In-flight effective area calibration of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

We present the in-flight effective area calibration of the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS), which comprises the High Resolution Camera Spectroscopic readout (HRC-S) and the Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) aboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Previous studies of the LETGS effective area calibration have focused on specific energy regimes: 1) the low-energy calibration for which we compared observations of Sirius B and HZ 43 with pure hydrogen non-LTE white dwarf emission models; and 2) the mid-energy calibration for which we compared observations of the active galactic nuclei PKS 2155-304 and 3C 273 with simple power-law models of their seemingly featureless continua. The residuals of the model comparisons were taken to be true residuals in the HRC-S quantum efficiency (QE) model. Additional in-flight observations of celestial sources with well-understood X-ray spectra have served to verify and fine-tune the calibration. Thus, from these studies we have derived corrections to the HRC-S QE to match the predicted and observed spectra over the full practical energy range of the LETGS. Furthermore, from pre-flight laboratory flatfield data we have constructed an HRC-S quantum efficiency uniformity (QEU) model. Application of the QEU to our semi-empirical in-flight HRC-S QE has resulted in an improved HRC-S on-axis QE. Implementation of the HRC-S QEU with the on-axis QE now allows for the computation of effective area for any reasonable Chandra/LETGS pointing.

Chandra LETG higher-order diffraction efficiencies

Accurate calibration of the Chandra Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) higher-order (|m|>1) diffraction efficiencies is vital for proper analysis of spectra obtained with the LETGs primary detector, the HRC-S, which lacks the energy resolution to distinguish different orders. Pre-flight ground calibration of the LETG was necessarily limited to sampling a relatively small subset of spectral orders and wavelengths, and virtually no higher-order data are available in the critical region between 6 and 10 Å. In this paper, we describe an analysis of diffraction efficiencies based on in-flight data obtained using the LETGs secondary detector, the ACIS-S. Using ACIS, the relative efficiency of each order can be studied out to |mλ| ~ 80 Å, which is nearly one-half of the LETG/HRC-S wavelength coverage. We find that the current models match our results well but can be improved, particularly for the even orders just longward of the Au-M edge at 6 Å.

Effective area of the AXAF high-resolution camera (HRC)

The Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility High Resolution Camera was calibrated at NASAs X-Ray Calibration Facility during March and April 1997. We have undertaken an analysis of the effective area of the combined High Resolution Mirror Assembly/High Resolution Camera using all data presently available from these tests. In this contribution we discuss our spectral fitting of the beam-normalization detectors, our method of removing higher order contamination lines present in the spectra, and the corrections for beam non- uniformities. Using an approach based upon the mass absorption cross-section of Cesium Iodide, we determine the quantum efficiency in the microchannel plates. We model the secondary electron absorption depth as a function of energy, which we expect to be relatively smooth. This is then combined with the most recent model of the telescope to determine the ensemble effective area for the HRC. The ensemble effective area is a product of the telescope effective are, the transmission of the UV-Ion shield, and the quantum efficiency of the microchannel plates. We focus our attention on the microchannel plate quantum efficiency, using previous result for the UV-Ion shield transmission and telescope effective area. We also address future goals and concerns.