Diana Højlund Madsen

Mainstreaming from Beijing to Ghana - the Role of the Women's Movement in Ghana

Commitment to gender mainstreaming has been expressed worldwide as a result of the Beijing conference in 1995. The introduction of gender mainstreaming in the Beijing Platform for Action was regarded as a victory for gender ambassadors from the South, including the womens movements. However, an empirical study from Ghana on the processes of ‘translating’ gender mainstreaming into practice demonstrates that gender mainstreaming has not lived up to the expectations for transformation – the Ghanaian womens movement has not played the role imagined in taking gender mainstreaming further. ‘Agenda-setting’ of the womens movement and taking gender mainstreaming in a more democratic/participatory direction seems to be more of a vision than a reality in this context.

Gender mainstreaming in the Danish international development agency (Danida) - a panacea for development?

In 1995 with the Beijing Platform for Action (BFA), gender mainstreaming was adopted as the main strategy guiding development work – also for Danida (Danish Development Assistance). However, after more than twenty years, few results of gender mainstreaming can be identified. Combining theoretical insights from the feminist literature on gender mainstreaming and the new institutionalist turn, the gendered institutional structures inside Danida are analysed and the ‘black-box’ within which processes of gender mainstreaming take place opened up. It is argued that despite of the introduction of a new strategic framework or changes at the formal level, the underlying informal institutional barriers in Danida are not being addressed – the organisational culture is characterised by a widespread gender (mainstreaming) fatigue and negative personal attitudes towards gender issues (by some), and the same institutional barriers can be identified over time indicating that very little learning actually takes place. The solutions proposed seem to be more of the same – new gender equality strategies / frameworks and the development of new tools for gender mainstreaming; a somewhat ‘technical’ stance on gender mainstreaming which seems to have lost its political edge in translation.