Dilaver Ersanli

Near-Infrared and Short-Wavelength Autofluorescence Imaging in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Aims: The aim of the study was to compare the results of short-wavelength (SW) and near-infrared (NIR) autofluorescence (AF) in acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods: Twenty-six eyes of the 26 patients diagnosed with CSC (mean age 37.4 years) were included in this retrospective study. AF images were evaluated and compared with angiographic and ophthalmoscopic findings. Fluorescein angiography and AF imaging were performed using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Results: Focally decreased AF at the leakage site was seen in most of the cases with acute CSC (20 of 26 eyes in SW-AF; 20 of 20 eyes in NIR-AF). Twenty-four of the 26 cases had decreased SW-AF corresponding to the area of the serous retinal detachment, while 19 of the available 20 cases had decreased NIR-AF corresponding to the area of the serous retinal detachment. Increased granular AF corresponding to the extent of the former retinal detachment was seen earlier with SW-AF imaging, but disappeared later in the course of disease with NIR-AF imaging. Conclusions: AF imaging in CSC demonstrates different patterns according to the course of the disease, reflecting RPE and outer retinal changes. Combining two different methods of AF imaging could predict recent or former CSC episodes and may be a non-invasive technique for monitoring CSC and performing differential diagnosis.

Validation of the Ocular Trauma Score for Intraocular Foreign Bodies in Deadly Weapon-Related Open-Globe Injuries

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic value of the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) in cases of deadly weapon-related open-globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective, interventional case series included 20 eyes of 20 patients who had deadly weapon-related open-globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies. The OTS was calculated for each patient by adding the determined numbers of OTS variables at presentation (initial visual acuity, rupture, endophthalmitis, perforating injury, retinal detachment, and afferent pupillary defect). Patients were categorized based on their score (category 1 through 5). Final visual acuities in the OTS categories were calculated and compared to those in OTS study group. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found between the categorical distributions of the study patients and those in the OTS study group. No patient in the study was in category 5. CONCLUSION The OTS, which was designed to predict visual outcomes of general ocular trauma, may also provide reliable information about the prognosis of deadly weapon-related open-globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies.

Autofluorescence and OCT features of Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy

Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive retinal degeneration characterised by innumerable glistening intraretinal dots scattered over the fundus. This retinal degeneration was first described in three patients by Bietti in 1937 with crystalline deposits in the retina and limbal cornea.1 Progressive retinal degeneration and sclerosis of the choroidal vessels ultimately result in progressive night blindness and constriction of the visual field approximately in the third and fourth decade of life. Histopathological studies disclosed evidence of advanced panchoroidal atrophy characterised by a marked loss of the RPE and choriocapillaris and mild retinal gliosis. Focal hypertrophy, hyperplasia and intraretinal migration of RPE cells were observed.2 To the best of our knowledge, the optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of BCD have been described in a single case only.3 Herein, we report the OCT, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and near-infrared autofluorescence (NIR AF) findings in three patients with Bietti’s crystalline retinopathy. …

Management of retinal detachment due to closed globe injury by pars plana vitrectomy with and without scleral buckling.

Background and Purpose: To investigate the effect of circumferential scleral buckling on the prognosis for patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy for severe closed globe injury. Methods: A total of 33 cases in which pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy were performed after severe closed globe injury between January 1990 and January 2003 were studied retrospectively. All patients had zone III contusion type injury according to The Ocular Trauma Classification Group criteria. Of the 33 patients, 15 (group 1) also underwent peripheral scleral buckling; 18 did not (group 2). Results: The mean age ± SD was 34.8 ± 17.5 years (range, 8–73 years). There were 6 female (18%) and 27 male (82%) patients. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of preoperative visual acuity (P = 0.76) or postoperative visual improvement (P = 0.46). In groups 1 and 2, 4 (26%) and 3 (17%) patients developed recurrent retinal detachment for which they underwent reoperation. Other postoperative complications were as follows: group 1—phthisis (1 patient; 7%), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (1 patient; 7%), and optic atrophy (1 patient; 7%); group 2, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (2 patients; 11%) and optic atrophy (2 patients; 11%). Conclusion: Circumferential scleral buckling did not appear to offer advantages for patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy for severe closed ocular injury involving the posterior chamber.

Carbon Monoxide-Induced Cortical Visual Loss: Treatment with Hyperbaric Oxygen Four Years Later

Objective: We present a patient who developed visual loss after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and was treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 21-year-old woman poisoned with CO (with coma lasting 4 h and carboxyhemoglobin level 46%) developed seizures and cortical blindness 3 days after poisoning. Four years later, her visual acuity was 0.2 in both eyes. An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed reduced metabolism in the bilateral posterior temporal and occipital lobes. The patient received a total of 50 hyperbaric oxygen sessions over 3 months for visual loss and the visual acuity improved to 0.5 in both eyes. In addition, increased metabolism was detected in the brain in post-treatment PET scans. Conclusion: PET documented brain hypoperfusion 4 years after CO poisoning and hyperbaric oxygen therapy improved visual acuity. However, we cannot endorse routine use of hyperbaric oxygen for such patients, until results of further clinical trials demonstrate efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen in CO-induced chronic brain injury.

Near infrared fluorescence and OCT features of choroidal abnormalities in type 1 neurofibromatosis

1. Jones BE, Jampol LM, Yannuzzi LA et al. Relentless placoid chorioretinitis: a new entity or an unusual variant of serpiginous chorioretinitis? Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118: 931–8. 2. Orihara T, Wakabayashi T, Okada AA et al. A young Japanese man with relentless placoid chorioretinitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005; 49: 539–42. 3. Gallagher MJ, Yilmaz T, Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Foster CS. The characteristic features of optical coherence tomography in posterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 1680–5. 4. Souka AA, Hillenkamp J, Gora F et al. Correlation between optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244: 1219–23. 5. Lim LL, Watzke RC, Lauer AK, Smith JR. Ocular coherence tomography in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2006; 34: 810–12. Near infrared fluorescence and OCT features of choroidal abnormalities in type 1 neurofibromatosis

The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of experimental uveitis induced in rabbits.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy in the treatment of experimental uveitis induced in rabbits. It was hypothesized that HBO therapy improves the regression of experimental uveitis induced in rabbits. Research design and methods: An experimental animal study was conducted on 48 rabbits (48 right eyes of these rabbits) to evaluate the effects of HBO therapy on endotoxin-induced acute anterior uveitis in rabbits. To induce acute anterior uveitis, Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) was intravitreally injected into the right eyes of the rabbits. The animals were randomly assigned to five groups. No treatment was given to the rabbits in Group A. Prednisolone acetate was topically administered to the rabbits in Group B. Methylprednisolone acetate was administered by anterior subtenon injection to the rabbits in Group C four hours after LPS application. HBO therapy was administered to the rabbits in Group D. Both HBO therapy and anterior subtenon injection of methylprednisolone therapy were administered to the rabbits in Group E. To compare the effects of the different therapies on the progression of endotoxin-induced uveitis, examinations including clinical scoring of anterior uveitis, microscopic examination of aspirated aqueous humor for inflammatory responses, and aqueous protein level assessment were performed once a day after LPS injection. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the control group (Group A) and other groups (Groups B–E) with respect to the number of inflammatory cells and protein levels in the aqueous one and three days after LPS injection (p < 0.05), indicating that the treatments resulted in less inflammation in Groups B–E compared to Group A. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between Groups B and C, Groups B and D, Groups B and E, Groups C and D, and Groups C and E with regard to the number of inflammatory cells in the aqueous at Day 1 after LPS injection (p > 0.05). In addition, Groups B and C and Groups B and D were comparable with regard to cell counts at Day 3 (p > 0.05), showing that HBO was comparable to corticosteroids in reducing inflammation. The differences between Groups B and E and Groups C and E were significant with regard to aqueous cell counts at Day 3 (p < 0.05), showing that HBO plus steroid was more effective than steroids alone. Conclusion: The intensity of ocular inflammation in the group receiving HBO therapy combined with anterior subtenon injection of methylprednisolone therapy was lower than in the other groups. We also demonstrated that HBO therapy was an effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of experimental uveitis induced in rabbits with an efficacy comparable to that of corticosteroids. Moreover, HBO plus steroid was superior to steroids alone in reducing inflammation.

Autofluorescence findings in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

Purpose To report shortwave autofluorescence (SW-AF) and near infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF) findings in a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. Methods A 22-year-old man presented with a 2-week history of headache, moderate hearing loss, discolored hair, and bilateral gradually decreased vision (20/800 bilaterally). Ophthalmologic examinations revealed bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis and multiple patchy bullous retinal detachments. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), SW-AF, and NIR-AF imaging were performed with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope at the beginning and after resolution. The patient responded well to systemic prednisolone treatment. Visual acuity and hearing loss improved quickly (visual acuity 16/20 bilaterally). Results Multilobular dye pooling with a dark rim was observed in serous detached retinal areas on late-phase FFA. These areas were observed as hypoAF in SW-AF and NIR-AF mode due to the blockage. After resolution of serous detachment, numerous hypoAF granular dots were observed scattered over the previously serous detached areas in SW-AF and NIR-AF mode. These hypoAF granular dots were seen as window defect lesion in FFA and interpreted as retinal pigment epithelial damage or atrophy. Conclusions SW-AF and NIR-AF imaging confirmed granular retinal pigment epithelium atrophy which corresponds to FFA findings. SW-AF and NIR-AF imaging methods are noninvasive and useful techniques for documentation of fundus changes in VKH disease.

Results of Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Closed-Globe Injuries

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To assess surgical and visual outcomes with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in closed-globe injuries resulting in anterior and posterior segment pathologies and evaluate the factors influencing the prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective observational study. Forty-seven eyes of 47 consecutive patients who underwent PPV because of closed-globe injury between January 1992 and August 2003 were reviewed. Surgical and visual outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed according to the Ocular Trauma Classification System. RESULTS Preoperative visual acuity was less than 4/200 in 49% of eyes, classified as grades IV to V. After surgery, this ratio was 23% (P < .05). Final visual acuity was statistically significantly better in grade I (P = .0001), grade II (P = .002), and relative afferent pupillary defect-negative (P = .0001) injuries. Maculopathy was the most common adverse outcome influencing final visual acuity (32%), followed by secondary glaucoma (13%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (8%). CONCLUSION PPV is a favorable treatment modality in severe closed-globe injuries. Assessment of injuries with respect to the Ocular Trauma Classification System seemed to predict visual outcomes in this series.

Influence of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on central corneal thickness.

Background/Aims: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is used in the treatment of several disorders. Little is known about the effects of HBO treatment on corneal thickness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HBO treatment on central corneal thickness. Methods: Thirty-two subjects (18 males and 14 females, mean age 57.3 ± 16.7 years) undergoing HBO treatment were consecutively enrolled. The subjects were assigned into diabetic (n = 16) and nondiabetic groups (n = 16). Best-corrected visual acuity was recorded before HBO treatment, and anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed on a slit lamp biomicrosope. Central corneal thickness was measured with an ultrasonic pachymeter before and immediately after HBO treatment, which lasted 120 min at 2.4 atmospheres absolute with three 30-min oxygen and two 5-min air breathing periods. Results: HBO treatment did not change the central corneal thickness in diabetic subjects (547.6 ± 34.5 vs. 548.6 ± 34.6 µm; p = 0.606). In nondiabetic subjects, however, the central corneal thickness was significantly reduced after HBO treatment (576.5 ± 34.8 vs. 569.0 ± 34.8 µm; p < 0.001). Conclusion: A single exposure to HBO treatment reduced the central corneal thickness in nondiabetic subjects but not in diabetic subjects. However, the change in central corneal thickness was minor.