Dirk Reiser

Globalisation: An Old Phenomenon That Needs to Be Rediscovered for Tourism?

Globalisation is a common concept in the social sciences; its meaning, however, is contested. Therefore in the first part the paper provides a framework of the term ‘globalisation’ as well as a definition. This definition is then connected with another contested term: ‘tourism’. In the second part, the research methods used to research globalisation and tourism in a case study area, the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand, are outlined. The research methods are linked with specific historical developments in the case study area in the past, the present and the future. The third part gives some preliminary results of the ongoing research project. Of particular interest is the model that links the history of the Otago Peninsula and its environments, tourism and globalisation.

Analysing the image of Abu Dhabi and Dubai as tourism destinations – The perception of first-time visitors from Germany:

The Middle East is one of the fastest growing tourism regions in the world. Especially Dubai (since the 1980s) and Abu Dhabi (since the 1990s) have invested heavily in tourism development to firstly enhance their recognition as international destinations and secondly to diversify their economies away from the oil production. Surprisingly, there is a lack of academic published articles on those two emirates’ international destination image. This paper attempts to fill this gap by studying and comparing the images of Abu Dhabi and Dubai amongst potential first-time visitors from one of their main source markets – Germany. An empirical study amongst 300 respondents from North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, was conducted to reveal the cognitive image attributes of Dubai and Abu Dhabi for non-visitors. Despite both places having a similar basis for destination development, their images differ. Thus, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are not seen as competitors on the tourism market, instead they could even increase the mutual benefits through highlighting specific images more distinctly. Further, the research identified a missing fit between the desired tourism destination image for both destinations and the perceived destination image. This is especially significant for the aspect of sustainability, which both emirates try to promote. Potential tourists rather perceive both emirates as unsustainable and not environmentally conscious.

Will the Ark Sink? Captive Wildlife, Tourism and the Human Relationship to Nature: Demystifying Zoos

Apart from displaying many facets of the ambiguous relationship of humans and animals, zoos and aquariums are also a significant part of the tourism industry. Their supposed goals are visitor education, visitor entertainment, species conservation and behavioural animal research. It seems therefore reasonable to describe those institutions as an ark for endangered species. However, the role of zoos in modern societies is more and more called into question. Their main purpose is described as visitor entertainment (to create economic benefits) covered up by conservation, education and research claims. Arguably, some would like to see their demise, while others propose changes that include an alternative, but more sustainable version of zoos and aquariums: wildlife parks and wildlife sanctuaries that focus on the well-being of the animals.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Between Governmental Regulation and Voluntary Initiative: The Case of Germany

In general, the discussion on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is relatively new in Germany. It only gathered speed in the early 1990s for several reasons. Firstly, the question arose on how private actors could be involved in order to fill the gap left behind by the shrinking welfare system. Secondly, the rapidly progressing globalization process demonstrated the difficulty of regulating multinational corporations (MNCs), which lead to calls for more self-governance. Thirdly, civil society organizations in turn considered pure self-governance as insufficient and, thus, began to pressure companies to act more socially responsible. However, business only partly reacted to these developments, as it perceived the paying of taxes, following the law and occasional donations as sufficient for assuming social responsibilities. Overall, CSR did not find a nourishing breeding ground in Germany.

Zoos and tourism: conservation, education, entertainment?

Since 2000, when Mason wrote that there was a need for more research in zoo tourism to assess the role of zoos in education, science, entertainment and conservation, studies in tourism have slowly begun to fill this void. ‘Zoos and tourism. Conservation, education, entertainment?’, edited by Warwick Frost, bears witness to this trend. It aims ‘to undertake a critical examination of the conflicting roles of zoos and current zoo practices through the lens of tourism studies’ (p. 7) and to provide ‘signposts for future research’ (p. 235). After an introduction by the editor Warwick Frost, the chapters are divided into four broad topic areas: Conservation, New Development, The Visitor Experiences and Media. Chapters 2 to 6 provide case studies of the changing contribution that zoos are trying to make to conservation and tourism to reposition themselves as leaders in conservation (p. 231). While Sinha (Chapter 2) discusses new co-operations between the Philippine government and Western zoos with regards to ownership of traded animals and co-operative reintroduction programmes, Shani and Pizam (Chapter 3) develop a new typology out of the reconstruction of the underlying values of zoos ranging from dominionistic or utilitarian to moralistic or ecologistic values. In Chapter 4, Wearing and Jobberns argue that zoo tourism is an extension of ecotourism based on the commodification of nature, but that wildlife tourism attractions in the home countries of the animals have a much stronger focus on animal welfare than zoos. This point is strengthened in Chapters 5 and 6. Smith, Weiler and Ham point out that there is still a gap between the rhetoric and the reality of modern zoos, while Linke and Winter use the theory of planned behaviour to provide empirical evidence that visitors to an open-range zoo and an inner-city zoo are primarily visiting for entertainment and not for conservation purposes. Part two of the book is about New Directions in zoo management, starting with two chapters on the successful development of innovative tourism products. In particular, the changing attitudes towards sharks and the way they are presented and interpreted to tourists is utilized in Chapter 7 by Dobson to strengthen the claim of the revival of aquaria as popular tourist attractions in recent decades. Singapore Zoo provides an additional example of a new direction. It has successfully developed a ‘Night Safari’ that incorporates food, tour and beverage components. Henderson (Chapter 8) explains how this is an integral part of the Singaporean tourism strategy. The following two chapters examine the attitudes towards new developments. In Chapter 9, Hannam argues that Mumbai zoo has changed its views on what zoos should incorporate, moving away from local people with a prime interest in entertainment to international tourists and conservational values. However, at this Annals of Leisure Research, Vol. 15, No. 1, April 2012, 112 113

Sustainability of tourism: cultural and environmental perspectives

farm operators in Wales. The second case study is written by Simon Hudson and it analyses sport tourism to the ageing tourists. To achieve that, it first discusses the concept of sports tourism; the profile, needs, and requirements of mature tourists; and finally the ways for developing the 4Ps of the sports tourism that address the former. The third case study is contributed by Carl Cater and it focuses on community involvement in trekking tourism. To contextualize the analysis, the case study focuses on the Rinjani trek ecotourism programme in Lombok, Indonesia, and it discusses the participation and the impacts of this programme on the indigenous population. The last case study is written by Anna Leask and it discusses the world heritage site designation issues and process by using as an example the new Lanark World heritage Site in Scotland. Specifically, the case study presents the designation implementation process and its managerial implications while running the site. Overall, all case studies provide a mixture of a critical review of the related literature and a discussion of the findings and the implications of the case studies. This is an easy-toread book that provides a rich set of both theoretical background and industry evidence related to tourism marketing, sustainability, and niche tourism management. The book nicely integrates theoretical concepts with practical evidence gathered through a wide spectrum of international case studies. The book constitutes a useful reading for researchers–academics, undergraduate tourism students, and government policy makers involved and interested in tourism marketing and management.

Modelling the Government/Cultural Tourism Marketing Interface

ABSTRACT The arts and cultural sector is recognised as an important driver of urban and regional development, with empirical evidence linking it to economic growth, social inclusion and increased social capital. Despite best efforts, however, government-sponsored cultural tourism policy development has been met with mixed results; researchers and practitioners alike agreeing that there are fundamental issues regarding government policy conceptualisation and implementation in this regard. In order to explore the policy development decisions that underpinned a successful cultural tourism-based economic and social development, this paper examines the relationship between a regional government and the globally renowned Museum of Old and New Art located in Tasmania, Australia. The quasi-longitudinal data revealed four critical interactions underpinning the regional government’s cultural tourism policy development: cooperation between the Tasmanian government and (a) the cultural organisation and (b) related industries; the provision of supportive infrastructure, and; the ability of the cultural organisation to provide immersive experiences.

Unternehmerische Sozialverantwortung bei Reiseveranstaltern in Myanmar

Der stetig wachsende, weltweite Tourismusmarkt fordert die Erschliesung von immer neuen Destinationen. Besonders Entwicklungs- und Schwellenlander erhoffen sich von der schnell und nachhaltig wachsenden Industrie anhaltende, okonomische Gewinne. Negative Auswirkungen der Tourismusindustrie auf die Kultur der Einheimischen in den neuen Destinationen werden oft vernachlassigt oder nicht beachtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Kooperationsmoglichkeiten von Reiseveranstaltern und Einheimischen, um Chancen, Schwierigkeiten und Herausforderungen einer nachhaltigen und sozialverantwortlichen Tourismusentwicklung aufzuzeigen. Die Ausfuhrungen basieren auf Richtlinien und Strategien der Regierung Myanmars, aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen sowie einer eigenen Feldforschung und setzen die Ideen und Vorstellungen bezuglich einer Tourismusentwicklung von Gemeinden in Myanmars sudlichem Shan-Staat in Relation zu denen von im Land ansassigen Reiseveranstaltern. Im Zentrum des Beitrags steht die These, dass ein sozialverantwortliches Management nur funktioniert, wenn einheimische Gemeinden aktiv in den Tourismusgestaltungsprozess einbezogen werden. Darauf aufbauend wurden die Einstellung der Einheimischen zum Tourismus, deren Partizipationsgrad, notwendige Investitionen im Rahmen einer nachhaltigen Tourismusentwicklung, Erwartungen des privaten Sektors bezuglich moglicher Kooperationen, Vorteilsausgleichssysteme der Unternehmen sowie das Potenzial von Investitionen der Reiseveranstalter in den Gemeinden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse fuhren zu der Erkenntnis, dass eine sozialverantwortliche Zusammenarbeit nicht auf einzelne Projekte beschrankt werden kann, sondern eine umfangreiche Beachtung entlang der gesamten touristischen Dienstleistungskette erfordert.

CSR und Tourismus

* € (D) sind gebundene Ladenpreise in Deutschland und enthalten 7% MwSt; € (A) sind gebundene Ladenpreise in Österreich und enthalten 10% MwSt. CHF und die mit ** gekennzeichneten Preise für elektronische Produkte sind unverbindliche Preisempfehlungen und enthalten die landesübliche MwSt. Programmund Preisänderungen (auch bei Irrtümern) vorbehalten. Es gelten unsere Allgemeinen Lieferund Zahlungsbedingungen. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Handelsregistersitz: Berlin-Charlottenburg, HR B 91022. Geschäftsführung: Haank, Mos, Hendriks D. Lund-Durlacher, M.S. Fifka, D. Reiser (Hrsg.) CSR und Tourismus